Animal Classification

1. Animal Classification Zoology

2. Taxonomy • Taxonomy • Field of science that classifies organisms and defines their relationships • All about grouping organisms (plants and animals) • Originally by traits or characteristics • Today, DNA is a part of the classification

3. Taxonomy • Divisions – broad to specific • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

4. Taxonomy • Kingdom • 2 original kingdoms • Plants and animals • Original 2 kingdoms started getting split in the mid-20th century – only 50-60 years ago • Today: 5-6 kingdoms

5. Kingdoms • Modern Kingdoms • Monera – bacteria • Prokaryotes (no nucleus); always single-celled; may have plant, fungus, or animal characteristics • Archaea • Prokaryotes; single-celled; adapted to unusual and/or extreme conditions; have several different cellular chemistries from Monera • Protista • Eukaryotes (nucleus in cell); mostly single-celled or collections of very similar cells; may have plant, fungus, or animal characteristics

6. Kingdoms • Plantae - plants • Eukaryotes; multicellular; capable of photosynthesis, production of complex molecules from simple molecules using light • Animalia – animals • Eukaryotes; multicellular; must obtain complex food molecules from external source, broken down and absorbed internally; usually capable of movement • Fungi – fungus • Eukaryotes; almost all multicellular; must obtain complex food molecules from external source, absorbed through external surface; almost never capable of movement

7. Taxonomy • Variations • Some taxonomies include “super” kingdoms or Domains • Three domains • Bacteria – Monera • Archaea – Archaea • Eukarya – Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia • Remove Monera and Archaea and combine them into Bacteria • Separate Protista into Protista and Chromista

9. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Porifera • Sponges • 5000 total • No tissues • Absorb food through filtration • Most have water intake and outlet openings • Can remold their bodies because most cells can move within the body and some change type

10. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Cnidaria and Ctenophora – jellyfish • 2 cell layers with jelly-like layer between them, inter-cell connections • Carnivores • Cnidaria – cnidocytes, fire harpoons, • Ctenophora – colloblasts, cell used to capture prey • Major Classes of Cindaria • Hydrozoa – hydras • Scyphozoa – Jelly fish • Antozoa – Sea annenanenamies

11. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Platyhelminthes – tapeworms • Flatworms • No body cavity, no specialized circulatory and respiratory organs • Nematoda – round worms - unsegmented worms • Digestive system is a tube with openings at both ends • Space between digestive organs and outer skin • Major Classes • Hookworms – enter body through skin and up in digestive track • Pinworms – live in lower intestine and lay eggs in your rectum • Trichinella – flu like worm

12. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Mollusca – snails, clams, squids • 150,000 species • Mantle (cavity for breathing), shell, organization of the nervous system, broad muscular foot, radula (rasping “tongue”), multiple functions of organs, open system circulation, complete digestive system • Major Classes • Bivalvia – oysters, clams, muscles • Gastropoda – Snails and slugs

13. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Annelida – segmented worms – earthworms, leeches • Over 15,000 species • Long bodies with segments, repetition of internal organs, closed circulatory systems, outer covering made of collagen • Bilateral semetry • Major Classes • Polychaeta – Bristleworms • Hirudinea – leaches • Oligochaeta - Earthworms

14. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Echinodermata – starfish • 6,000 species – mostly marine • Adults possess five-side symmetry, skeleton composed of plates, ring water vascular system, regeneration • Major Classes • Brittle Stars, Sand Dollars, Sea Lilies, Sea Cucumbers, Sea Urchins, Sea Stars

15. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Arthropoda – insects, arachnids, crustaceans • Exoskeleton, segmented body, and jointed appendages

16. Phylum (for Animal Kingdom) • Chordata - Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals • Notochord (spine), hollow dorsal nerve cord (spinal cord), pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail • Subphylums • Vertebrata - vertebrates • Cephalochordata “The Lancelets” – fish-shaped animals with no brains • Urochordata “The Tunicates” – bags of jelly

17. Phyla: Arthropods

19. Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods • Chelicerata – spiders, mites, scorpions • Appendages just above/in front of the mouth • Classes • Arachnida – spiders, scorpions, mites • Pycnogonida – sea spiders • Merostomata – extinct sea scorpions and horseshoe crabs

20. Orders of Arachnida • Araneae – true spiders • Opiliones – daddy-long-legs • Scorpiones – scorpions • Acarina – mites and ticks

21. Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods • Myriapods – millipedes, centipedes • Many body segments each with one or two pairs of legs • Classes • Chilopoda – centipedes • Diplopoda - millipedes • Pauropoda – small, similar to millipedes • Symphyla – look like centipedes but are smaller and translucent

22. Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods • Hexapods – insects • Bodies have three parts (anterior head, thorax, and posterior abdomen), 6 legs • Classes • Insecta – insects • Entognatha - wingless

23. Orders of Insecta • Orders • Orthoptera – grasshoppers • Diptera – flies and mosquitoes • Lepidoptera – butterflies and moths • Hymenoptera – bees, wasps, and ants • Coleoptera - beetles

24. Subphylum and Classes of Arthropods • Crustaceans – lobsters, crabs, barnacles, crayfish, shrimp • Biramous appendages (claws), primarily aquatic • Classes • Branchiopoda – brine shrimp • Maxillopoda – barnacles • Malacostraca – crabs, lobsters, shrimp, krill

25. Phyla Mollusca

27. Classes of Mollusca • Gastropoda – snails and slugs • Very diverse group, no defining characteristics • Cephalopoda– squid, octopus • Bilateral body symmetry, prominent head, set of arms or tentacles

28. Classes of Mollusca • Bivalvia – clams, oysters, scallops • Shell consisting of two asymmetrically rounded halves called valves joined with a hinge, filter feeding

29. Phyla Chordata - Vertebrates

30. Chordata Subphyla: Cephalochordata Subphyla: Urochordata Subphyla: Vertebrata Class: Amphibia Class: Agnatha (jawless fish) Class: Reptilia Class: Chondrichtheyes (cartilaginous fish) Class: Mammalia Class: Osteichtheyes (bony fish) Subclass: Prototheria (egg laying) Subclass: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays) Subclass: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Class: Aves Subclass: Metatheria (marsupials) Subclass: Neognathe Subclass: Holocephali (chimaeras) Subclass: Sorcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Subclass: Palaegognatha (flightless) Subclass: Eutheria (placental)

31. Classes of Vertebrata • Agnatha – jawless fish • No jaws, no paired fins, notochord in adults, seven or more paired gill pouches • Lampreys and hagfish

32. Classes of Vertebrata • Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes • Jawed fish, paired fins, paired nares, scales, two-chambered hearts, cartilage skeleton • Subclasses • Elasmobranchii – sharks and rays • Holocephali - chimaeras

33. Classes of Vertebrata • Osteichthyes – bony fish • Bony skeleton, most have gills, most are cold bloodes • fish • Subclasses • Actinopterygii – ray-finned fish • Herring • Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned fish • Coelacanths, lungfish

34. Classes of Vertebrata • Amphibia – amphibians • Cold blooded, metamorphose from a juvenile water-breathing form, either to an adult air-breathing form or to a pedomorph that retains some juvenile characteristics • Orders • Anura – frogs and toads • Caudata – salamanders and newts • Gymnophiona – caecilians, limbless amphibians that resemble snakes

35. Classes of Vertebrata • Reptilia – reptiles • Breath air, lay shelled eggs, scales, cold-blooded, • Orders • Crocodilia – crocodiles, gavials, caimans, and alligators • Sphenodontia – tuataras from New Zealand • Squamata – lizards, snakes, worm lizards • Testudines – turtles and tortoises

36. Classes of Vertebrata • Aves – birds • Winged, bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying • Subclass • Neornithes – modern birds • Superorders • Palaeognathe – flightless birds • Neognathae – rest of the birds

37. Orders of Aves • Palaeognathae – flightless birds • Orders • Struthioniformes – ostriches, emus, kiwis • Tinamiformes - tinamous

38. Orders of Aves • Neognathae – rest of the birds • Orders – 27 • Anseriformes – waterfowl • Charadriiformes – gulls, button-quails, plovers • Sphenisciformes – penguins • Falconiformes – falcons, eagles, hawks • Phaethontiformes – tropicbirds • Strigiformes – owls • Galliformes – fowl, pheasant

39. Classes of Vertebrata • Mammalia – mammals • Air-breathing, mammary glands, hair or fur, three middle ear bones, neocortex region in the brain • Subclasses • Prototheria – egg laying, • Monotremes – platypuses and echindnas • Metatheria – marsupials • Eutheria - placentals

40. Orders of Mammalia • Metatheria or Marsupialia • Pouch • Orders • Didelphimorphia – opossums • Dasyuromorphia – Tasmanian devil • Peramelemorphia – bandicoots • Diprotodontia – koala, wombats, kangaroos,

41. Orders of Mammalia • Eutheria • Placental, give birth to more fully developed young • Superorder • Xenarthra • Afrotheria • Euarchontoglires • Laurasiatheria

42. Orders of Mammalia • Xenarthra • Vertebra joints have extra articulations, have lowest metabolic rates in the class, only exist in the Americas • Orders • Cingulata – armadillo • Pilosa – sloths, anteater

43. Orders of Mammalia • Afrotheria • Belong to groups from Africa or of African origin • Orders • Afrosoricia – golden moles, otter shrews • Macroscelidea – elephant shrews • Tubulidentata – aardvark • Proboscidea – elephants • Sirenia - manatees

44. Orders of Mammalia • Euarchontoglires • Orders • Rodentia – 2 incisors • rats, squirrels, porcupines, beavers • Lagomorpha – 4 incisors • Pika, rabbits, hares • Dermoptera– gliding mammals • Flying lemur • Scandentia • treeshrews

45. Orders of Mammalia • Euarchontoglires • Order • Primate • Large brains, opposable thumbs, slower rates of development, vision dominant sensory system • Lemurs, marmosets, monkeys, gibbons, humans

46. Orders of Mammalia • Laurasiatheria • Based on similar gene sequences • Orders • Erinaceomorpha (Insectavores) – hedgehogs • Soricomorpha – moles, shrews • Cetacea – whales, dolphins, porpoises • Carnivora – cats, dogs, bears, seals, raccoons • Chiroptera – bats

47. Orders of Mammalia • Laurasiatheria • Orders • Artiodactyla – even toed • pigs, hippopotamuses, camels, giraffes, deer, cattle, sheep • Perissodactyla – odd-toed • horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses

48. Family • Family • Division of Orders • Common families • Carnivora • Canidae – dogs • Ursidae – bears • Felidae – cats • Primates • Hominidae – great apes (humans)

49. Genus and Species • Families are divided into Genus • Naming of individual species • Contain two parts • Genus • Listed first • First letter capitalized • Species • Listed second • Not capitalized • Example – humans • Homo sapiens

50. Genus and Species • Genus • Generic name • Groups animals of the same type • Usually based on physical features, sometimes on DNA • Guidelines for deciding what species belong in a genus • Monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together • Reasonable compactness – a genus should not be expanded needlessly • Distinctness – in regards of evolutionarily relevant criteria • Ecology, morphology, or biogeography