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THE ATLANTIC WORLD. SPANISH CONQUEST IN THE AMERICAS. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS: ITALIAN SAILOR WHO SAILED FOR SPAIN; HE SAILED W TO REACH THE E. COLUMBUS’S FLEET 1) NINA 2) PINTA 3) SANTA MARIA COL. 1 ST VOYAGE CONSISTED OF 3 SHIPS AND LANDED ON OCT. 12,1492.
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SPANISH CONQUEST IN THE AMERICAS • CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS: ITALIAN SAILOR WHO SAILED FOR SPAIN; HE SAILED W TO REACH THE E. • COLUMBUS’S FLEET • 1) NINA 2) PINTA 3) SANTA MARIA • COL. 1ST VOYAGE CONSISTED OF 3 SHIPS AND LANDED ON OCT. 12,1492. • COL. 2ND VOYAGE BROUGHT 17 SHIPS AND 1000 SETTLERS TO FORM A COLONY IN THE CARRIBBEAN. • COLONY: LAND CONTROLLED BY A NATION OUTSIDE OF ITS BORDER.
OTHER EXPLORERS TO TAKE THE SEA • PEDRO ALVARES CABRAL: CLAIMED BRAZIL FOR PORTUGAL. • AMERIGO VESPUCCI: ITALIAN WHO SAILED FOR SPAIN; CLAIMED AMERICA WAS A “ NEW WORLD”. • VASCO NUNEZ BALBOA: 1ST EUROPEAN TO SEE PACIFIC OCEAN. • FERDINAND MAGELLAN: 1ST TO CIRCUMNAVIGATE THE WORLD.
SPAIN BUILDS AN AMERICAN EMPIRE • HERNANDO CORTES: LANDED ON MEXICO AND TRAVELED INLAND TO CONQUER LANDS FOR SPAIN. • CONQUISTADORS: SPANISH EXPLORERS WHO FOLLOWED CORTES. • CORTES CONQUERS THE AZTECS: • CORTES AND 600 MEN REACH TENOCHTITLAN, THE AZTEC CAPITAL THAT WAS BUILT ON LAKE TEXCOCO. • MONTEZUMA II MEETS CORTES.
CORTES CONQUERS THE AZTECS:CONT’D • MONTEZUMA II: AZTEC EMPORER; CONVINCED THAT CORTES WAS A GOD AND GAVE CORTES ½ OF THE AZTEC GOLD SUPPLY. • CORTES AND CONQUISTADORS FORCE AZTECS TO MINE MORE GOLD. • AZTECS REBEL IN 1520. • CORTES DEFEATS THE AZTECS IN 1521.
CORTES CONQUERS THE AZTECS:CONT’D • 3 REASONS THE SPANISH DEFEATED THE AZTECS: • 1) SPANISH HAD SUPERIOR WEAPONS. • 2) CORTES CONVINCED NATIVES TO HELP THE SPANISH. • 3) NATIVES NOT IMMUNE TO SPANISH DISEASES.
SPANISH CONQUER THE INCAS: • FRANCISCO PIZARRO: SPANISH CONQUISTADOR THAT CONQUERED THE INCANS W/ AN ARMY OF ABOUT 200 MEN. • PIZARRO CAPTURES ATUALPA(INCAN RULER). • ATUALPA OFFERS RANSOM OF 1 ROOM OF GOLD AND 2 ROOMS OF SILVER. • PIZARRO ACCEPTS RANSOM AND THEN HE KILLS ATUALPA. • AFTER THEIR EMPORERS DEATH, THE INCANS RETREAT. • PIZARRO THEN TAKES CUZCO, THE INCAN CAPITAL.
SPAIN’S PATTERN OF CONQUEST: • MOST SPANISH SETTLERS (PENINSULARS) WERE MEN. • MESTIZO: MIXED SPANISH/NATIVE AMERICAN POPULATION. • ENCOMIENDA: LABOR SYSTEM WHERE THE SPANISH FORCED THE NATIVE AMERICANS TO WORK. • PONCE DE LEON: CLAIMED FLORIDA FOR SPAIN. • VASQUEZ DE CORONADO: SETTLED THE SW U.S. FOR SPAIN. • NATIVES RESIST: • 1) 1493 COLUMBUS ENCOUNTERS RESISTANCE. • 2) 1680 POPE’, PUEBLO RULER, EST. A WELL ORGANIZED UPRISING.
COMPETING CLAIMS IN N. AMERICA • NEW FRANCE (FRANCE’S COLONY IN N AMERICA) WAS ESTABLISHED. • GIOVANNI DE VERRAZZANO: ITALIAN SERVING FRANCE; DISCOVERED THE NY HARBOR. • JACQUES CARTIER: 1ST TO EXPLORE THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. • LOUIS JOLIET: EXPLORED THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI. • SIEUR DE LA SALLE: EXPLORED THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI.
ENGLISH SETTLE IN NORTH AMERICA • JAMESTOWN: 1ST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT ALONG THE COAST OF VIRGINIA;7 OUT OF TEN SETTLERS DIED OF STARVATION; USED TOBACCO AS A CASH CROP. • PURITANS CREATE A “NEW ENGLAND” • PILGRIMS: FOUNDED THE 2ND ENGLISH COLONY; LOCATED IN PLYMOUTH, MASS.; SOUGHT RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. • PURITANS: GROUP THAT SOUGHT RELIGIOUS FREEDOM FROM THE ANGLICAN CHURCH.
JAMESTOWN • The Susan Constant, Godspeed and Discovery reached Virginia in the spring of 1607, and on May 14, their 104 passengers all men and boys began building on the banks of the James River what was to be America's first permanent English colony, predating Plymouth in Massachusetts by 13 years.
THE DUTCH FOUND NEW NETHERLAND • HENRY HUDSON: ENGLISHMAN IN SERVICE OF THE NETHERLANDS; FOUND HUDSON RIVER, STRAIT, AND BAY. • NEW NETHERLAND: DUTCH HOLDINGS IN NORTH AMERICA.
THE FIGHT FOR NORTH AMERICA • THE ENGLISH OUST THE DUTCH • CHARLES II BROTHER, THE DUKE OF YORK, DROVE THE DUTCH OUT OF AMERICA. • FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR: BRITAIN FOUGHT THE FRENCH AND THE INDIANS OVER THE OHIO VALLEY REGION; THE BRITISH WON AND SIEZED OVER ½ OF N. AMERICA. • KING PHILLIP’S WAR: METACOM LED AN ATTACK ON 52 COLONIAL MASS. VILLAGES.
THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE • SUGAR AND TOBACCO PLANTATIONS IN THE COLONIES REQUIRED MANY WORKERS AND NATIVES WEREN’T USED B/C THEY WERE NOT IMMUNE TO EUROPEAN DISEASE. • SLAVERY IN THE COLONIES BEGAN IN ABOUT 1500.
THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE • SLAVERY IN AFRICA: • 1. NON-MUSLIM POW’S WERE SLAVES IN AFRICA. • 2. IN AFRICA SLAVES HAD SOME LEGAL RIGHTS. • 3. IN MUSLIM LANDS, SLAVES COULD HOLD A POSITION OF POWER; COULD EVEN BUY THEIR OWN SLAVES. • 4. IN AFRICA, SLAVES COULD ESCAPE BONDAGE. • 5. SLAVERY WAS NOT HEREDITARY IN AFRICA.
THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE • 3 ADVANTAGES OF USING AFRICANS AS SLAVES: • 1) AFRICANS WERE IMMUNE TO EUROPEAN DISEASES. • 2) AFRICANS WERE GOOD FARMERS. • 3) AFRICANS HAD LITTLE KNOWLEDGE OF THE AMERICAS. • ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: BUYING AND SELLING OF AFRICANS FOR SLAVES IN THE AMERICAS. • BY THE END OF AMERICAN SLAVERY ALMOST 9.5 MILLION AFRICANS WERE TRANSPORTED TO THE AMERICAS.
THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE • THE MAJORITY OF THE EARLY COLONIAL SLAVES WORKED IN SUGAR, TOBACCO, AND COFFEE PLANTATIONS; SOME SLAVES WERE ALSO SHIPPED TO THE CARRIBBEAN. • AFRICAN TRIBES COOPERATE W/ THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE SLAVE TRADE BY CATCHING AND SELLING SLAVES IN AFRICAN PORTS. • TRIANGULAR TRADE: • EUROPE---W. AFRICA---AMERICAS---EUROPE
MIDDLE PASSAGE: VOYAGE THAT BROUGHT AFRICANS TO THE W. INDIES AND THE AMERICAS. • The triangular trade system was so named because the ships embarked from European ports, stopped in Africa to gather the captives, after which they set out for the New World to deliver their human cargo, and then returned to the port of origin. The Middle Passage was that leg of the slave triangle that brought the human cargo from West Africa to North America, South America, and the Caribbean. • "...the average voyage took from five to twelve weeks."
SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS • A HARSH LIFE: • 1) AUCTIONED OFF TO THE HIGHEST BIDDER. • 2) AFTER SOLD, SLAVES WOULD OFTEN BE RIPPED FROM THEIR FAMILIES TO WORK AND TOIL IN FIELDS FOR 12 – 14 HOUR DAYS. • 3) SLAVERY WAS HEREDITARY IN THE AMERICAS.
RESISTANCE AND REBELLION • KEPT MUSIC AND STORY TELLING ALIVE. • OFTEN WOULD MAKE SELVES LESS PRODUCTIVE. • MANY SLAVE LED REVOLTS. • SLAVERY IMPACT ON AMERICA: • 1) CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. • 2) AG. DEVELOPED FASTER. • 3) POP. GREW. • SLAVERY IMPACT ON AFRICA: • 1) LOST A GENERATION. • 2) POP. DECREASED. • 3) INCREASE IN FIREARMS IN AFRICA.
THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE • COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE: GLOBAL TRANSFER OF FOOD, PLANTS, AND ANIMALS DURING THE COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS. • CORN AND POTATOES WERE BROUGHT TO EUROPE. • DISEASE, HORSES, CATTLE, AND PIGS WERE BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS. • COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION: NEW WEALTH FROM AMERICAS COUPLED W/ A DRAMATIC INCREASE IN OVERSEAS TRADE.
THE RISE OF CAPITALISM • CAPITALISM: ECONOMIC SYSTEM BASED ON PRIVATE OWNERSHIP AND THE INVESTMENT OF WEALTH FOR PROFIT. • INFLATION: RISE IN THE PRICE OF GOODS COUPLED WITH A DECLINE IN THE VALUE OF MONEY. • JOINT STOCK COMPANY: A GROUP OF PEOPLE POOLING THEIR WEALTH FOR A COMMON PURPOSE.
THE RISE OF CAPITALISM • MERCANTILISM: IDEA THAT A COUNTRIES POWER DEPENDS ON THE WEALTH OF THAT COUNTRY. • FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE: WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL OR COMPANY SELLS MORE GOODS THAN IT BUYS. • 2 CHANGES IN EUROPEAN SOCIETY DURING THE PERIOD OF COLONIAL EXPANSION: • 1) MERCHANT CLASS ROSE DUE TO NEW WEALTH. • 2) WEALTH OF EUROPEAN NATIONS ROSE.
