Ch 20 The Atlantic World

1. Ch 20 The Atlantic World 1492-1800

2. Spain Builds an American Empire Sec 1

3. Fierce competition among European nations for wealth prompted Christopher Columbus to make a daring voyage from Spain in 1492 Columbus Columbus

4. Voyage • Instead of sailing around Africa to reach Asia, Columbus sailed west in search of an alternate route • On August 3, 1492, the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria sailed out of a Spanish port

7. The Encounter • The Encounter- Columbus’s discovery of the Americas • On October 12, 1492, the Pinta caught sight of the shore • Thinking he had reached the East Indies, Columbus called the inhabitants of the island Indians • Scholars believe he reached shore on an island in the Bahamas

9. Colonization • Columbus claimed the island he discovered and named in San Salvador • Finding no gold there he searched other islands and claimed them for Spain • After returning to Spain, Columbus got permission and financing for three more trips • He traveled not as an explorer but as an empire builder

10. Spain intended to transform the islands of the Caribbean into colonies or lands that are controlled by another nation Colonies

11. Other Explorers • In 1500, Portuguese explorer Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed Brazil for his country • In 1501, Amerigo Vespucci, explored the coast of South America and reported back that it was a “new” world and not Asia • Ferdinand Magellan became the first to circumnavigate the world when his crew returned to Spain in 1522 • Magellan

15. Conquistadors • In 1519, Hernando Cortes, landed on the shores of Mexico • Cortes marched inland looking to claim more land for Spain • Cortes and the many Spanish explorers who followed him were known as conquistadors (conquerors)

17. Conquistadors • Lured by rumors of vast lands filled with gold, the Spanish carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, South American, and the United States • As a result of Spanish colonization they greatly enriched their empire and left a mark on the cultures of the Americas that still exists today

18. Aztecs • Soon after landing in Mexico, Cortes learned of the vast and wealth Aztec Empire in the region’s interior • After marching for weeks, Cortes and 600 of his men reached the capital of Tenochtitlan • Aztec emperor Montezuma II believed that Cortes was a god dressed in armor and gave him a share of the empire’s gold

19. Fall of the Aztecs • Not happy with the amount of gold he was given Cortes killed many Aztec warriors and chiefs during a religious ceremony • Briefly driven out by an Aztec rebellion in 1520, Cortes and his men conquered the Aztecs in 1521

21. How was Cortes’ small group of soldiers able to take out an entire empire?

22. Spanish Advantages • Superior weaponry • Help of native groups that were enemies of the Aztecs • Disease • The native population in central Mexico decreased from 25.3 million in 1519 to 1 million in 1605

23. Peru • In 1532, conquistador Francisco Pizarro, marched a small force into Peru to conquer the Incan Empire • After kidnapping and betraying Incan leader Atahualpa, Pizarro was able to conquer the Inca without a struggle

26. Spanish Conquest • When conquering the natives the Spanish lived among them and imposed their culture on them • The Spanish settlers known as peninsulares were mostly men. • Relationships between the peninsulares and native women led to a large mestizo, or mixed population

27. Encomienda System • In order to exploit the land, the Spanish forced Native Americans to work within a system known as encomienda • Under this system natives farmed, ranched, or mined land for Spanish landlords • The landlords received the rights to the native’s labor from Spanish authorities and were supposed to take care of the natives in return but most were abused and worked to death

30. Portuguese in Brazil • Finding little gold or silver, the Portuguese began to grow sugar in Brazil • Huge plantations were cleared from forest land and natives were used for labor

31. Spanish Influence Expands • The American colonies helped make Spain the richest, most powerful nation in the world during much of the 16th century • Spanish conquistadors continued to expand north into the southwestern United States • Finding little gold in the southwest, the conquistadors left settling the land to Catholic priests

32. Opposition • As Spanish priests worked to spread Christianity in the Americas they also pushed for better treatment of the natives • Bartolome de las Casas- Priest who spoke out against the encomienda system • De las Casas suggested using Africans for labor instead, something he later regretted • Many tribes of natives tried to fight back but none were successful for very long

34. European Nations Settle North America Sec 2

35. Other Countries • Spain’s successful colonization efforts did not go unnoticed • Other nations such as England, France, and the Netherlands soon became interested in obtaining their own colonies

36. Northwest Passage • Magellan’s voyage showed that it was possible to reach Asia by way of the Pacific Ocean • Other countries began to look for a northwest passage, an easier, more direct route to the Pacific • Not finding the route, the French, English, and Dutch established colonies in North America

37. New France • In 1524, Giovanni da Verazzano, an Italian in service of France, sailed to North America and discovered New York harbor • Ten years later, Jacques Cartier, discovered the St. Lawrence River • In 1608, Samuel de Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence with 32 settlers and established Quebec, which became the capital of New France

38. New France • After the establishment of Quebec the French moved to the interior of North America

40. The English • In 1607, the English established a permanent settlement in Jamestown in modern Virginia • Jamestown Game • In 1620, the Pilgrims established a second English colony, Plymouth, in Massachusetts

43. The Dutch • Following the French and English into North America were the Dutch • In 1609, Henry Hudson was exploring for a northwest passage to Asia when he discovered the Hudson River and Hudson Bay • The Dutch claimed the areas along these waterways and established a fur trade with the Iroquois

47. The Dutch • The Dutch built trading posts at Fort Orange (Albany) and New Amsterdam (Manhattan) • The new colony was called New Netherlands • The Dutch were slow to attract settlers so they gradually opened the colony to other countries and many Germans, French, and Scandinavians settled there

50. English Oust the Dutch • To the English, New Netherlands separated their northern and southern colonies • In 1664, the Duke of York arrived with a fleet and the Dutch surrendered without a shot and the colony was renamed New York • By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers lived in the 13 colonies