The Atlantic World

1. The Atlantic World Chapter 20

2. Bell WorkTuesday 12/18 Look in your book beginning on page 557 to find the answers • 1.What were the names of the three ships that Spain gave Columbus on his first journey? • 2. What happened to the Incan emperor Atahualpa after the ransom for his life was paid? • 3. What is a Mestizo?

3. Section 1-Spain Builds an American Empire

4. The Voyages of Columbus • Christopher Columbus-Spanish explorer who attempted to sail west across the Atlantic to reach India and ended up in the America’s • The three ships he sailed with were the Niña, Piñta, Santa Maria • Set sail August 3rd, 1492 • Landed in the Bahamas not India

5. The Voyages of Columbus • Columbus’ Goal’s: • Find gold • Claim as much new land for Spain as possible • Columbus’ success lead to 3 more expeditions • He commanded a fleet of 17 ships and nearly 1,000 soldiers • Colonies-Lands that are controlled by other nations

6. The Voyages of Columbus Other Explorers and Their Conquests: • Portuguese Explorers- • 1500-Pedro Alvares claims Brazil • 1519-Ferdinand Magellan sailed around south America and was the first explorer to reach the Pacific Ocean • Magellan died during the journey but his crew was the first to sail around the world

7. Spanish Conquest of Mexico • 1519-Hernando Cortés landed in Mexico and began claiming territory • Conquistadors-Spanish explorers claiming land for Spain • Spanish were the first settlers in the Americas • Wanted land, gold and silver • Carved out the lands that became Mexico, South America and the United States

8. Spanish Conquest of Mexico • Cortés Conquers the Aztecs- • Cortés and 600 of his men marched on the capital city of Tenochtitlan • Montezuma the Aztec emperor thought Cortés was a God in armor • He gave the Spaniards half their gold but that wasn’t enough

9. Spanish Conquest of Mexico • 1521-Cortésand his men conquered the Aztec • Three reasons for their victory • Spanish had superior weapons • Cortés enlisted the help of the Aztecs native enemies • Diseases- The Aztecs had no natural immunities to the diseases brought over by the Spanish

13. Spanish Conquest in Peru • 1532-Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire in South America • They had three goals • Ambush the Incans • Crush their military forces • Capture their emperor Atahualpa and hold him for ransom • After they received their ransom they killed Atahualpa anyways

16. Spanish Conquest in Peru • Spanish patterns of conquest was to live among the people and impose Spanish ways upon them • Mestizo-A mixed Spanish and Native American population • Encomienda- A system where natives farmed, ranched, and mined for the Spanish

17. Opposition to Spanish Rule • African Slavery and Native Resistance- • 1542-The encomienda system was abolished • In order to fill the need for labor the Spanish turned to Africans • During the late 1600’s various native groups attempted to drive the Spanish out but they were ultimately unsuccessful

18. Spain’s Influence Expands • Spain’s American colonies made it the richest, most powerful nation in the world during the 16th century

19. Bell WorkWednesday 12/19 Look in your book beginning on page 561 to find the answers • 1. What was the main difference between the early French and English settlements? • 2. What was the early problem with the settlement at Jamestown? • 3. What was the major impact of the French and Indian War?

20. Bell WorkThursday 12/20 Look in your book beginning on page 562 to find the answers • 1. Which colonies were founded by the Pilgrims and the Puritans? • 2. Which group had a better relationship with the Native Americans the French or the English? • 3. What was the main reason for the decrease in Native American population during the 1600’s?

21. Section 2-European Nations Settle North America

22. Competing Claims in North America • 1494-The Treaty of Tordesillas that had divided the newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal was being ignored by other countries • The French were the first group to colonize North America • Establishing Quebec (in modern day Canada) as New France

23. Competing Claims in North America • By 1760 the population of New France reached 65,000 • Mostly Catholic priests, single guys in their 20’s and 30’s • Major reason for settlement was the fur trade • Fox, beaver, bear

24. The English Arrive in North America • Jamestown-English settlement in Virginia • Three ships carrying 100 settlers arrived in 1607 • Problems: • Settlers more concerned about finding gold than planting crops • Hunger, disease, and Native Americans took the lives of 7 out of 10 settlers in the early years • Became the 1st permanent settlement • Tobacco became a major cash crop

26. The English Arrive in North America • Puritans Create a “New England” • Pilgrims- Group who established the second English colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620 • Puritans-Arriving in Massachusetts Bay in 1630 sought freedom from England’s Anglican Church

27. The English Arrive in North America • Colonizing the Caribbean- • French took control of Haiti, Guadalupe, and Martinique • English took control of Barbados and Jamaica • Dutch took control of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba • Cotton and Sugar were the major crops produced on these islands

29. The Struggle for North America • The English Oust the Dutch- • 1664 the English drove the Dutch out of New Netherlands and re-named it New York • By 1750 nearly 1.2 million English settlers were living in 13 colonies stretching from Maine to Georgia

30. The Struggle for North America • England Battles France- • 1754-A dispute over the land in the Ohio Valley led to war between the British and French • The French and Indian War- Also known as the Seven Years’ War • The French surrendered and England gained control of the eastern half of North America

31. Native Americans Respond • French and Dutch had good relationships with Native Americans • Both benefited from the fur trade • Native Americans would trap the animals and trade them to the French for guns, hatchets, mirrors and beads

32. Native Americans Respond • The English had a poor relationship with Native Americans • The English wanted to push the Natives off their land for settlement and tobacco growth • Due to the fact that Native Americans were not Christians the English felt like they were a “Godless people”

33. Native Americans Respond • King Philip’s War- • One of the bloodiest conflicts between the English and Natives • Metacom a Native American ruler (also know as King Philip) attacked villages throughout Massachusetts • The English eventually won but both sides had lost hundreds during the battles

34. Native Americans Respond • Natives Fall to Disease- • Throughout the 1600’s disease devastated Native populations • By 1631 the Massachusetts tribe dropped from 24,000 to 750 • Smallpox, measles were some of the main culprits • Due to the decrease in Native population new sources of labor were needed • The solution became Africans

35. Bell WorkFriday 12/21 Look through your notes in Chapter 20 Sections 1 and 2 to find the answers • 1. What were the three main things that drew conquistadors to the “New World”? • 2. What advantages did African slaves display over Native Slaves? • 3. How does a favorable balance of trade work?

36. Bell WorkMonday 1/07 Look in your book beginning on page 566 to find the answers • 1. How did the spread of Islam effect the African slave trade? • 2. How did enslaved Africans resist or launch subtitle rebellions against their slave master? • 3.How did African slaves contribute to the development of the Americas?

37. Section 3-The Atlantic Slave Trade

38. The Causes of African Slavery • The spread of Islam led to an increase of African slavery • The belief that non-Muslim prisoners of war could be bought and sold. • Between the years 650 and 1600 Muslims transported 17 million African slaves to North Africa and Southeast Asia

39. The Causes of African Slavery • The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore Africa • More interested in gold at first • As more Natives died new sources of labor were needed. So the Portuguese turned to Africans.

40. The Causes of African Slavery • The advantages of African slaves: • They had built up immunities to European diseases • They had previous farming experience • Less likely to escape b/c they did not know the new lands • Their skin color made them easy to spot if they escaped

41. The Causes of African Slavery • Atlantic Slave Trade-The buying and selling of African workers in the Americas • Between the years 1500-1600, 300,000 Africans were transported to the Americas • By the time the slave trade ended in 1870 9.5 million Africans had been transported to the Americas

42. Slavery Spreads Throughout the America’s • Spain and Portugal had brought most early slaves to the Americas • Mainly to work sugar plantations in the Caribbean • England soon became the dominant slave trader • 1.7 million brought to the West Indies • 400,000 to North American colonies

43. A Forced Journey • The Triangular Trade- • The first leg was the journey from Europe to Africa where goods were exchanged for slaves. • The second, or middle, leg of the journey was the transportation of slaves to the Americas. It was nicknamed the ‘Middle Passage.' • 20% of slaves died on the journey • The third and final leg of the journey, was the transport of goods from the Americas back to Europe.

46. Slavery in the Americas • Conditions of Slavery: • Slaves sold to the highest bidder • Families often broken up • Worked in fields and mines • Poor housing • Given little food • Physical abuse was common • For some death was the only tangible freedom

47. Slavery in the Americas • Resistance and Rebellion- • Slaves kept their history alive through song and stories • Made themselves less effective by: • Breaking tools • Uprooting plants • Running away

48. Consequences of the Slave Trade • Impact of the Slave Trade- • Generations of families lost • Guns were introduced to Africa • Slaves were physical and economic contributors but received no political benefits • Art, music, religion, food made a lasting impact on American culture

49. Bell WorkTuesday 1/08 Look in your book beginning on page 571 to find the answers • 1. What were some of the food items that traveled from the Americas to the rest of the world? • 2. What types of food and livestock were brought to the Americas from the rest of the world? • 3. What is mercantilism?

50. Section 4-The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade