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POPULATION

POPULATION. Chapter 2. “ THE POVERTY LINE ”. Most Countries Below The Line Are LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. MANY WAYS OF MEASURING POPULATION:. POPULATION DENSITY – the measure of the total population relative to land size (arithmetic population density).

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POPULATION

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  1. POPULATION Chapter 2

  2. “THE POVERTY LINE” Most Countries Below The Line Are LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

  3. MANY WAYS OF MEASURING POPULATION: POPULATION DENSITY – the measure of the total population relative to land size (arithmetic population density).

  4. RECTANGULAR CARTOGRAM - WORLD POPULATION

  5. World Population Density

  6. Physiologic Population Density– number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account).

  7. Physiologic Population Density Luxor, Egypt Egypt’s arable lands are along the Nile River Valley. Moving away from the river a few blocks, the land becomes sandy and wind-sculpted.

  8. Population Distribution – Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live. Dot Map of World Population – On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people

  9. World Population Distribution and Density • East Asia (China and Korea included) - ¼ of world population here - within China there is variation – high pop along Yangtze and Yellow River valleys – farmers • South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh) • bound by the Himalayas and a desert in Pakistan • Extremely high pop density – Bangladesh – 5000 per square mile • Second largest pop center • Europe – 728 million inhabitants - population is concentrated in cities – contrast to South Asia - in South Asia, pop centers are in fertile River valleys, in Europe they are far into Russia centered around coal fields – pop centers even in mountainous regions • North America – Small in comparison - megalopolis – huge urban agglomerations

  10. Key Question: Why do Populations Rise or Fall in Particular Places?

  11. AGRICULTURE: • 12,000 years ago: Human culture shifts: • Hunting & Gathering Farming & • Domestication • of Animals • 2. Humans: 1st and only species to control own food supply. Result: Steady population growth. • 3.Without other limiting factors: any popu-lation will expand to the limit of its food supply. • Agriculture led to settlement, division of labor, mathematics, literacy, science and innovation.

  12. TECHNOLOGY Circa 1800: Mechanization of Agriculture & Improvement of Food Preservation led to increases in food production & availability. Major advances in medicine, nutrition & sanitation = lower child mortality rates & longer life spans.

  13. A Population Bomb? • Thomas Malthus (early 1800s) worried about population growing exponentially and resources growing linearly. • Neo-Malthusians – those who may reject specifics of Malthus’s ideas, but agree with general idea. • Point out the amount of suffering that exists today • Ehrlich (1960s) warned of a population bomb because the world’s population was outpacing food production.

  14. HUMAN YEARPOPULATION10,000 B.C. (Agricultural Revolution) 5-10 Million 1 A.D. 170 Million 1800 (Industrial Revolution) 1 Billion 1930 2 Billion 1960 3 Billion 1975 4 Billion 1987 5 Billion 1999 6 Billion POPULATION BASICS

  15. J -CURVE

  16. WORLD POPULATION GROWTH – Rate of natural increase (does not take into account immigration and emigration).

  17. Today, the pace of world population growth is slowing. Where have Total Fertility Rates(TFRs) fallen below replacement level and why have they fallen?

  18. POPULATION GROWTH IN INDIA • Significant demographic variations occur within countries. • In India, growth rates are higher in the east and northeast.

  19. WHY DO GROWTH RATES VARY IN INDIA? • 1960s: population planning program • 1970s: country began forced sterilization program for men with 3 or more children. • 22.5 million men were sterilized. • 2004 : State of Uttar Pradesh began guns for sterilization program. • Today: most states use advertising and persuasion to lower birth rates.

  20. Maharashtra, India. A sign reads “Free Family Planning Sterlization Operation” closed in 1996.

  21. The Demographic Transition in Great Britain • Studied the change in birth rates, death rates, and natural growth rates over the course of British industrialization. • Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – number of live births per year per 1000 people • Crude Death Rate (CDR) – number of deaths per year per 1000 people • Found a transition occurred when death rates decline and then birth rates decline, resulting in a low or sustained growth rate.

  22. World Birth Rate – number of births in a year per 1,000 people.

  23. World Mortality Rate – number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people.

  24. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION • Stage 1: Low Growth • Stage 2: High Growth • Stage 3: Moderate Growth • Stage 4: Low Growth or Stationary • Stationary Population Level (SPL)?

  25. Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 The Classic Stages of Demographic Transition Birth rate Natural increase Death rate Time Note: Natural increase is produced from the excess of births over deaths. Lesson Plan: The Demographic Transition, Activity One

  26. The Demographic Transition

  27. Births/Deaths per 1,000 1950 Demographic Transition in Sweden and Mexico Sources: B.R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics 1750-1970 (1976): table B6; Council of Europe, Recent Demographic Developments in Europe 2001 (2001): tables T3.1 and T4.1; CELADE, Boletin demografico 69 (2002): tables 4 and 7; Francisco Alba-Hernandez, La poblacion de Mexico (1976): 14; and UN Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision (2003): 326.

  28. Examine Appendix B at the end of your textbook. Study the growth rate column. Which countries have the highest growth rates? Determine what stage of the demographic transition these countries are in, and hypothesize what may lead them to the next stage.

  29. Key Question: Why does Population Composition Matter?

  30. Population Composition Population Composition is concerned with: • Gender distribution • Age distribution within a country, region, or place.

  31. THE POWER OF THE PYRAMID - A POPULATION PYRAMID is a graphic device that allows Demographers to look at how events affect populations of countries. - What are the ages of the people? - How many are men? - How many are women? - Graphs show a breakdown of a country’s population and how economic, political, and natural events over 70 – 80 years can impact different age groups. The graphs can help predict future population tends.

  32. Population Pyramids – Graphs that show the percentages of each age group in the total population, divided by gender. For poorer countries, the chart is shaped like a pyramid. Infant mortality rates are high, life expectancy is shorter.

  33. In poorer countries, Infant Mortality Rates are usually high, which is reflected in the pyramid shape.

  34. In poorer countries, Life Expectancy is usually shorter, which is also reflected in the pyramid shape.

  35. Affect of AIDS on population pyramid for South Africa. Predicted population for 2035, without and with AIDS. With AIDS, looks like a population “chimney.”

  36. AIDS is leaving large numbers of AIDS ORPHANS.

  37. AIDS is creating large numbers of AIDS care-givers. Drawing by a Pokot boy in Kenya, the drawing shows him working in the fields and taking care of his family cattle in order to assist his sick family members.

  38. POPULATION PYRAMIDS – Graphs that show the percentages of each age group in the total population, divided by gender. For wealthier countries, the chart is shaped like a lopsided vase. Population is aging, TFRs are declining.

  39. Age Structure of a Population • The populations of many countries are aging. Ex: Europe Ex: Japan Bordeaux, France Photo credit: H.J. de Blij

  40. AGING POPULATIONS • To replace the population, TFR must be 2.1. - TFR in Bologna, Italy is 0.8 - Why are women having fewer children? • What are the impacts of an aging population on a country? • What are the “solutions” to an aging population?

  41. LONGER LIFE EXPECTANCIES TYPICALLY MEAN HIGHER RATES OF CHRONIC DISEASES.

  42. - In the United States, the National Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is 7.0. - That number represents an average for the country. - Think about the differences in IMR in the United States across regions, ethnicities, social classes & other sectors.

  43. Key Question How Do Governments Affect Population Change?

  44. Government Population Policies • Expansive Population Policies - Encourages population growth. • Eugenic Population Policies - Favors one racial or cultural sector over others. • Restrictive Population Policies - range from toleration of unapproved birth control to outright prohibition of large families.

  45. CHINA’S ONE CHILD POLICY What are some of the limitations, unintended consequences, and contradictions found in government policies toward population growth?

  46. - Government policies can have unintended consequences. - Choose one country in the world where women have little access to education and are disempowered. Consider the previous section of the chapter on age composition, and determine how restrictive population policies in this country will alter the population composition of the country.

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