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Resilience of Subsistence Farming Systems in the Karakoram Mountains of Northern Pakistan

Resilience of Subsistence Farming Systems in the Karakoram Mountains of Northern Pakistan. Kenneth Iain MacDonald, Ph.D. University of Toronto. Subsistence, Resilience and Food Security. Seasonality (risk) Diversity Field Distribution Land Management Fertilization Irrigation

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Resilience of Subsistence Farming Systems in the Karakoram Mountains of Northern Pakistan

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  1. Resilience of Subsistence Farming Systems in the Karakoram Mountains of Northern Pakistan Kenneth Iain MacDonald, Ph.D. University of Toronto

  2. Subsistence, Resilience and Food Security Seasonality (risk) • Diversity • Field Distribution • Land Management • Fertilization • Irrigation • Cropping strategies • Rotation

  3. Livestock Management • Diversity of pasture • Diversity of stock • Spatial and altitudinal distribution across season

  4. Result = consistent high yields w/ 20% mean annual carry over

  5. Integration of Agro-ecological and social systems - Institutions of authority: Khang-Go, YulHltumpa, Trangpa

  6. Institutions of authority - internally legitimated

  7. Normative social institutions - e.g., Res – regulated, generalized reciprocity re: labour and resource sharing

  8. Impact of Development on Resilience • Planned Development • Alteration to agro-ecology (E.g., NGO attempts to introduce monovarietal cultivation) • Alteration to community politics (NGO and state) (confounds village social institutions) • Unplanned Development (e.g., adventure tourism) • Reverse flow of benefits • Increase price of food (esp. protein sources) • Alteration of social relations required for production • Diminished health and life span of men and women Result = enhanced vulnerability and diminished security

  9. Development, Resilienceand Vulnerability • Historical Factors contributing to resilience • security of land tenure • access to multiple micro-environments • dynamic learning • control over production decisions and goals • internal legitimation of social institutions • limited ability of state to extract resources • integration of social and agro-ecological practices • political validity, social vitality, economic viability, ecological resilience • Contemporary factors compromising resilience • interventions that: • Fail to understand integration of agro-ecological and social system • Fail to understand local production objectives • are grounded in a political economy of development rather than a contextualized political ecology of production • Increased emphasis on markets and exchange value of food and labour • diminished institutional resilience in villages

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