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Gender Statistics in the Labour Market

Explore gender statistics in the labour market, from definitions to measurement challenges, segregation, inequality, wage gap, and access. Learn why informal and unpaid work are crucial gender issues.

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Gender Statistics in the Labour Market

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  1. Gender Statistics in the Labour Market Angela Me UNECE Statistics Division

  2. Economic life Work Segregation Wages Accessibility Quality Income Poverty

  3. Segregation

  4. Activity rate Unemployment Rate

  5. Employment Rate

  6. Employment Indicators Activity Rate = Labour Force/Total Working Age Population Employment Rate = Total Employed/Total Working Age Population Unemployment Rate = Total Unemployed/Labour Force

  7. Labour Force Surveys, Census, Surveys Enterprise surveys, LFS, Census LFS, Census, Registers

  8. Unemployment LFS Registered

  9. Employment • Formally there is a clear distinction between employed and non employed population • ILO definition: a person is currently employed if he/she has worked at least one hour the week previous the survey • Work: for income (cash or kind) or unpaid production of goods

  10. BUT … measurement challenges Formal employment Easier to measure because close to the people idea of work Informal employment Difficult to measure Important because it identifies the quality of work Often informal employment is not measured: need for special module in surveys

  11. What is Informal Employment? Persons in informal employment are those who work in the informal sector or in formal units with no formal benefits Informal employment is broader than employment in informal sector Informal sector units are household units with low level of organization, small scale operations, casual labour relations, and where business and household accounting can not be distinguished

  12. Paid/Unpaid work Unpaid work • Production of goods • Production of services (child care, preparation of meals, …) Source Time-use surveys

  13. Paid/Unpaid work Why is the measurement of informal sector and unpaid work a gender issue? Because they contribute to have a better understanding of women work

  14. Occupational segregation

  15. Segregation • Horizontal Segregation • There is no hierarchical order in the different categories • Vertical Segregation • There is a hierarchical order (salary, power, prestige, …) Inequality

  16. Measurement of Segregation

  17. Measurement of Segregation

  18. Measurement of Segregation

  19. Measurement of Segregation There is inequality: the smallest share of women is in the higher professional categories

  20. Employment by status of employment • Employees • Employers • Own-account workers • Members of producing cooperatives • Unpaid family workers Self-employed

  21. Employment: Data availability

  22. Gender Wage gap Men average salary - women average salary Men salary • Does it measure discrimination?

  23. Gender Wage gap

  24. Gender Wage gap It simply measures different earnings between women and men without saying the causes • Need to disaggregate wage gap by: • Occupation • Full/part time • ……

  25. Gender Wage gap Average wages can be calculated: • Hourly • Weekly • Monthly • Annually The average Hourly wage is the best measure since it overcomes the bias due to part-time and full-time jobs

  26. Gender Wage gap Sources • Enterprise surveys • LFS • Better source for disaggregated data

  27. Accessibility to labour market Employment by family composition (number of children) Need to include a module on family care in LFS

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