WB Singapore-Africa, Jun 22, 2006

1. WB Singapore-Africa, Jun 22, 2006

2. Education for TomorrowChallenges of the Post-industrial Society Kai-ming Cheng University of Hong Kong World Bank African Study Tour Singapore June 22, 2006

3. Starting with Hong Kong … ( … but where is Hong Kong?)

5. Hong Kong... • “One country, two systems” • Population 7.2M • Area 1,000 km2 • GDP $37,400 p.c. (PPP) (9th) • GDP 88% in service sector (82% employment)

6. Hong Kong... Education • Primary & Secondary universal • 68% higher education • (Korea, Taiwan oversupply) • (Japan nearly oversupply)

7. How are HK’s education achievements faired in the international arena?

8. Mean Reading Literacy of 15-year-olds Source: OECD, UNESCO (2003) Literacy skills for the world of tomorrow, Fig. 2.5, p.76

9. Mean Mathematical Literacy of 15-year-olds Source: OECD, UNESCO (2003) Literacy skills for the world of tomorrow, Fig. 3.2, p.100

10. Mean scientific literacy of 15-year-olds: All Source: OECD, UNESCO (2003) Literacy skills for the world of tomorrow, Fig. 3.5, p.109

11. % at each reading proficiency level Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Below Level 1 Source: OECD, UNESCO (2003) Literacy skills for the world of tomorrow, Table 2.1a, p.274

12. Then, Hong Kong’s education should be perfectly all right … However …

13. Unemployment Trends

14. Hong Kong: As it is! • 19% (15-19 yr-olds) double-disengaged • 100K (40s-50s) newly unemployed

15. Questions • Isn’t it true that EFA promises a good society? • Is this unique to Hong Kong, which is after all a small city? • Is there any significance to other parts of China, particularly those less developed?

16. The Hong Kong case begs a question: Education for All! but for What?

17. Change in society & workplace

18. Hong Kong … Around 291,000 registered companies (June 2005) • 99％ under 100 (SME) • 69% of employees • 94% under 20 • 40% of employees • 86％ under 10 • 33% of employees

19. Hong Kong … • Free-lancers 220,000 estimated vis-à-vis 2,200,000 in registered companies

20. The United States Business Enterprises • 98％ under 100 • 86％ under 20 National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002

21. Post-industrial: Workplace Project Groups/Task Forces Small Enterprises Free-lancers The Civil Service (Traditional)

22. Why have work units become smaller?

23. Mobile phones CEO of Samsung: “We are not producing telephones. We are producing fashion!”

24. Restaurants: Maxim’s Cantonese Cuisine Chaozhou Cuisine Peking Cuisine Other Chinese Cuisines Miso, Kiko m.a.x. concepts: mezz, EXP, café Landmark, thai basil, can.teen, little basil, the basil, fresh basil, rice paper, Café Express, Deli and Wine, Curtain Up, Concerto Bar & Cafe Starbucks Coffee Over 320 shops

25. G2000 (fashion retail) Michael Tien: “When it works, It’s obsolete!” “Customers don’t know what they want!”

26. Industrial: Scale Production

27. Post-Industrial: Customized Products

28. Products & Services • Customisedrather than uniform • Benchmark • Qualityrather than scale • Market & Customers • Unpredictable rather than stable

29. Three examples of the workplace ….

30. Example I: Manufacturing Then Design Production Now

31. Example II: Insurance Traditional: sales of policies

32. Examples II: Insurance Agents: customised policies

33. Example II: Insurance Brokers: personalised services

34. Example III: Investment Banks Client TASK FORCE

37. Post-industrial: Large Organisations Project Groups Task Forces Production Teams Client Groups “Accounts” Deal Team

38. Task Force

39. Post-industrial: SMEs

40. Function of SME/Task Forces • Client-oriented rather than department centred • Total solutions rather than divided services • Target-specific rather than expertise-based

41. The changes are fundamental …

42. Industrial Society: the Pyramid

43. Industrial Institutions Engineers Degrees Diplomas Technicians Vocational Training Craftsmen Operatives Basic Education

44. Industrial Large pyramids Producer-centred Departments Hierarchy Tight structure Design at the top Assigned procedures Rules & regulations Post-industrial Small companies Client-centred Project teams Flat organisations Loose & fluid systems Design at front-lines Improvised actions Fit-for-purpose acts Organisations

45. Industrial Division of labour Individual tasks Specialist duties Administrative links Credential-based appointments Appraisal by seniors Post-industrial Total solutions Team work Integrated expertise Human interactions On-demand, just-in-time learning 3600 appraisal Working Modes

46. Industrial Lifelong career Long-term loyalty Occupational identity Work-study consistency Org membership Stable employment Escalating salaries Upward mobility Foreseeable retirement Constant networks Stable relations Security, certainty Post-industrial Multiple careers Multiple jobs Blurred identity Work-study mismatch Possible free-lancing Frequent off-jobs Precarious incomes Fluctuating status Unpredictable future Varying networks Changing partners Insecurity, uncertainty Individual Lives

47. Industrial Paper work Circulars Minutes Documents Instructions Meetings …… Post-industrial Communications Brainstorming E-mailing SMS Seminars Debates Conferencing Negotiation Presentation Confrontation Lobbying Retreats Work Activities

48. Industrial Special skills Planning & implementation Navigating the bureaucracy Following the heritage Post-industrial Communications Team-working Human relations Problem-solving Design & innovations Personal responsibility Self-management Ethics, values, principles Expected abilities

49. Industrial What have they learnt in the past? Post-industrial How much are they able to learn in the future? In particular

50. Industrial analytic, regulated, structured, clear-cut, uniform, convergent, normative, neat, assertive and reducible to parameters Post-industrial holistic, flexible, loose, fuzzy, plural, divergent, liberal, complex, speculative and tolerant of multiplex concepts After all …