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Chemistry

Chemistry. What is Matter. Anything that has mass and volume. Atoms. Atom: the basic unit of matter. Subatomic particles: neutrons, electrons, and protons. Subatomic Particles. Protons (+) and Neutrons Nucleus Same mass Electrons (-) In the electron cloud in constant motion

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Chemistry

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  1. Chemistry

  2. What is Matter Anything that has mass and volume

  3. Atoms • Atom: the basic unit of matter. • Subatomic particles: neutrons, electrons, and protons.

  4. Subatomic Particles • Protons (+) and Neutrons • Nucleus • Same mass • Electrons (-) • In the electron cloud in constant motion • Less mass Electron – Proton + Neutron

  5. Elements • Element: pure substance that consists of only one type of atom. • 1 or 2 letter symbol • Atomic Number: # of protons • Atomic Mass: # of protons + neutron. 6 C 12.011

  6. Isotopes • atom with a different number of neutron • ID by atomic mass • same chemical properties • unstable nucleuses  give off radiation • scientific testing, cancer therapy, and to date objects

  7. Compounds • Compound: the combination of two or more elements,; water, glucose, and methane • Atoms are held together by chemical bonds. • Smallest unit of a compound is a molecule. H2OC6H12O6 CH4

  8. Types of Chemical Bonds • Ionic Bonds • Covalent Bonds

  9. Ionic Bond • The transfer of an electron from one atom to another atom. • Ions: positively and negatively charged atom. • Positively charged atoms lose electrons. • Negatively charged atoms gain electrons. F- K+ S2-

  10. Ionic Bond

  11. Covalent Bonds • The linkage of two atoms by the sharing of two electrons. • Permits each atom to have a stable closed-shell electron configuration. • Molecule: combination of two or more atoms

  12. Covalent Bond

  13. Formulas • Chemical Formula: represents the number and types of atoms in a molecule • H2O, CaO, H2SO4 • Structural Formula: represent how atoms are joined and arranged in various models • Single line: single bond • Double line: double bond

  14. Chemical Reactions • Synthesis: 2 or more atoms, the reactants react to form a product • A + B  AB • Decomposition: reactant molecule breaks into simple molecule or atoms • AB  A + B • Exchange Reaction (Replacement): reactants exchange partners • AB + CD  AD + CB

  15. Reactions • Reversible Reaction: products of reaction can change back into the reactants • Double Arrow: A + B ↔ AB • Catalyst: a molecule or atom that increases reaction rate without being changed by the reaction

  16. Acids and Bases • Electrolyte: compounds that release ions in water and conduct electricity • NaCl  Na+ + Cl- • Acids: release H+ • HCl  H + + Cl- • Bases: release OH- • NaOH  Na+ + OH-

  17. pH • A logarithmic scale that measures the concentration of H3O+ • Neutral: 7 • Acidic: < 7 • Basic or Alkaline: > 7

  18. Chemical Constituents of Cells

  19. Organic vs. Inorganic • Organic: compounds containing C and H • Nonelectrolytes: don’t dissolve in water as ions • Don’t conduct electricity • Inorganic: compounds that don’t contain C • Electrolytes: dissolve in water as ions • conduct electricity

  20. Inorganic Substances • Water: universal solvent • Oxygen: used to release energy from sugar • Carbon Dioxide: cellular metabolism byproduct • Salts: abundant in tissues and fluids • Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, PO43+ • Transport, muscle contraction, and nerve impulses

  21. Organic Substances • Carbohydrates: energy source • C, H, O • (CH2O)n • Stored as energy reserves • Building materials • Monomer: monosaccaride • glucose, fructose • Polymer: disaccarides or polysaccarides • Glycogen, sucrose

  22. Lipids • C, H, O • C57H110O6 • Fatty Acids and Glycerol • Fats, Oils, Waxes, and Steroids • Insoluble in water • Fats: energy storage

  23. Triglyceride

  24. Lipids • Saturated: maximum no. of H • No double bonds • Unstaturated: less than the maximum no. of H • Double bonds

  25. Proteins • C, H, O, N • Structural material, energy sources, and enzymes • Enzymes: catalysts • Protein: made up of amino acids • 20 different amino acids in nature • Function depends on order of amino acids and how it is folded

  26. Protein

  27. Nucleic Acids • C, H, O, N, P • Compose DNA and RNA • Genetic material • Monomer: nucleic acid • 5-sugar, phosphate group, nucleotide

  28. DNA

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