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Chemistry

Chemistry. Contents . Atomic models Properties of electrons Bonds Lewis Law Atomic Mass Molecular mass Atomic number Octet Law Valence Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Reactions –balance Mass conservation law Empirical Formula proportion /molecular reality IUPAC . Chemistry.

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Chemistry

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  1. Chemistry

  2. Contents • Atomic models • Properties of electrons • Bonds • Lewis Law • Atomic Mass • Molecular mass • Atomic number • Octet Law • Valence • Ionic bonds • Covalent bonds • Reactions –balance • Mass conservation law • Empirical Formula proportion /molecular reality • IUPAC

  3. Chemistry During medieval times, a group of people known as alchemists began looking for ways to transform common metals, such as lead, copper and iron, into gold (Figure 1.14). Can you imagine how much money you would make if you could go to the store, buy some iron nails, and turn them into gold? You’d be rich in no time! Early alchemists were often regarded as wizards. Their main goal was to discover the "philosopher's stone" – a substance that could turn common metals into gold. Alchemists experimented with many different kinds of chemicals, searching for what they termed the "philosopher's stone" – a legendary substance that was necessary for the transformation of common metals into gold. We now know that there is no such thing as a "philosopher's stone", nor is there any chemical reaction that creates gold from another metal. We know this because we now have a much better understanding of the matter in our universe. Nevertheless, it was thanks to those early alchemists that people became interested in chemistry in the first place.

  4. Alchemists

  5. Alchemist’s Early alchemists were often regarded as wizards. Their main goal was to discover the "philosopher's stone" – a substance that could turn common metals into gold.

  6. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY • What is Chemistry ? • chemistry • ˈkɛmɪstri/ • noun • noun: chemistry • 1. 
the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances. • the chemical composition and properties of a substance or body.plural noun: chemistries
"the patient's blood chemistry was monitored regularly”

 • 2. 
the complex emotional or psychological interaction between people."their affair was triggered by intense sexual chemistry"

  7. Some Famous Chemists 1661 Robert Boyle 1789 Antoine Lavoisier 1849 Louis Pasteur 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev 1911 Ernest Rutherford1 1953 James D. Watson and Francis Crick 1985 Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley discover fullerenes

  8. Watch • TedEd – What is the universe made of ? • DVD -Periodic Table

  9. Some Big discoveries and Inventions • Oxygen • Atomic Theory • Molecules • Periodic Table • Electrons • Radioactivity • Electricity • Plastic • Microscope

  10. The Periodic Table

  11. What does it mean ?????

  12. What’s inside the box ?

  13. Research • Use the web to find out the names of all the elements in Group 1 – Alkaline metals . • State a use for each metal . • Use the web to find out the names of all the elements in Group 7 – Halogens • State a use for each one . • Use the web to find out the names of all the elements in Group 0 –Noble gases • State a use for each one

  14. Uses of these Elements

  15. Summary • Group 1 Group7 Group 0 • Name Symbol Use Name symbol Use Name symbol Use

  16. Nobel Peace Prize • The Nobel Peace Prize • The Nobel Peace Prize is an international prize which is awarded annually by the Norwegian Nobel Committee according to guidelines laid down in Alfred Nobel's will. The Peace Prize is one of five prizes that have been awarded annually since 1901 under the auspices of the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm for outstanding contributions in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Starting in 1969, a Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel has also been awarded. • Whereas the other prizes are awarded by specialist committees based in Sweden, the Peace Prize is awarded by a • committee appointed by the Norwegian Storting. According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize is to go to whoever "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". The prize includes a medal, a personal diploma, and a large sum of prize money (currently 8 million Swedish crowns). • The Nobel Peace Prize has been called "the world's most prestigious prize". With the award to The European Union in 2012, a total of 101 individuals and 24 organizations have been awarded the Peace Prize. The Prize is awarded at a ceremony in the Oslo City Hall on December 10, the date on which Alfred Nobel died.

  17. Find out ……. • Using the web write a paragraph about what the Nobel peace prize is awarded for. • Use the web to research who was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 2013 ,2009, 1999, 1993, 1901, and why ? • Find out how many nominations are entered for the prize for 2014.

  18. Timeline of Chemists

  19. What are elements made of ?

  20. Nucleus + Electrons

  21. Atomic Models • You tube …..Brightstorm • Democritus 450BC ……..atamos • Robert Boyle 1661 …..corpuscle view… • John Dalton 1803 ….law of multiple proportions • DimitriMendelev 1869…..Periodic table • JJ Thomson 1897…..Plum pudding model • Geiger, Marsden, Rutherford 1909…..Nucleus in centre Niels Bohr 1913……Solar system model (Bohr model) • Louis de Broglie 1924…..electron waves • Erwin Schrodinger,Werner Heisenberg 1926……Quantum mechanics (electron clouds ) • Make brief notes on the name and structure of each atomic model .

  22. You tube • Cern in 3 minutes • Large Hadron Collider (LHC) • at Cern in Geneva • in Switzerland . • Write a paragraph on the LHA saying where it is and what it is and does.

  23. Lewis dot Model

  24. Lewis dot model

  25. Draw….. • Draw the Lewis dot model for Rubidium , Phosphorus ,Nitrogen and Neon

  26. Octet Rule

  27. Atoms and Ions • ATOMS AND IONS • Atoms • Atoms are the basic unit of chemistry. They consist of 3 smaller things: • Protons - these are positively charged (+) • Electrons - these are negatively charged (-) • Neutrons - these have no charge • These 3 smaller particles are arranged in a particular way. In the center is the Nucleus where you find the positive Protons and neutral Neutrons. • In orbit around the nucleus are the Electrons. These are found in a series of orbits (depending on the atom) with differing numbers of electrons as seen below.

  28. Atom and Ion

  29. Atoms of the Human body • Interaction of Atoms • It's the electrons in orbit around the nucleus that allow one atom to interact with other atoms so they can be linked together. • For example, H2O consists of an Oxygen atom linked to 2 Hydrogen atoms. The linkage or interaction between the electrons of the Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms is called a Chemical Bond. More on these later. • Atoms in the Human Body • The human body is made up of a couple dollars worth of chemicals. • The 12 most useful atoms for you to know about are listed below:

  30. Elements of the Human body

  31. Ions • Ions • Sometimes atoms gain or lose electrons.  The atom then loses or gains a "negative" charge. These atoms are then called ions. • Positive Ion - Occurs when an atom loses an electron (negative charge) it has more protons than electrons. • Negative Ion - Occurs when an atom gains an electron (negative charge) it will have more electrons than protons. • The following image shows Na losing an electron and Clgaining an electron • Thus the Na becomes Na+ • The Cl becomes Cl-

  32. +ve and –ve Ions

  33. Ions • Here are some examples of common ions: • Na+ Sodium • K+ Potassium • Cl- Chloride • Ca+ Calcium • Fe+ Iron • P- Phosphorous

  34. Covalent bonds • A covalent bond is formed between non metal atoms, which combine together by sharing electrons. Covalent compounds have no free electrons and no ions so they don't conduct electricity. • The Periodic Table is an arrangement of the elements in order of atomic number. Elements in the same vertical column are in the same group or family and have similar chemical properties. • Covalent bonding • Non metals combine together by sharing electrons. The shared pair of electrons holds the two atoms together. It's called a covalent bond. The group of atoms bonded together in this way is called a molecule. • The types and numbers of atoms in a molecule are shown in its formula.

  35. Covalent bonds • Examples of covalent molecules • Name Structure Model • Hydrogen (H2) • Water (H2O) • Ammonia (NH3) • Methane (CH4) • Covalent compounds are usually gases or liquids with low melting points or boiling points and they don't conduct electricity.

  36. Example: • Carbon dioxide is a gas with a boiling point of -44°C. It doesn't conduct electricity. • Water is a liquid with a melting point of 0°C. It doesn't conduct electricity.

  37. Dot and cross models - higher tier only • Dot and cross models show how a pair of electrons forms a covalent bond. Notice that in the diagrams in the table below only the electrons in the outer shell of each atom are shown. • Examples of dot and cross models • Molecule Dot and cross model • Hydrogen (H2) • Chlorine (Cl2) • Methane (CH4)

  38. Go on to BITESIZE basic chemistry and try the tests .

  39. Chemistry • Different Types of Chemistry • Fundamentally, chemistry is the study of matter and change. The way that chemists study matter and change and the types of systems that are studied varies dramatically. Traditionally, chemistry has been broken into five main subdisciplines: Organic, Analytical, Physical, Inorganic, and Biochemistry. Over the last several years, additional concentrations have begun to emerge, including Nuclear chemistry, Polymer chemistry, Biophysical chemistry, Bioinorganic chemistry, Environmental chemistry, etceteras.

  40. IUPAC • IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry • The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended[1] by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Ideally, every possible organic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous structural formula can be created.

  41. Carbon and Oxygen

  42. The Reactivity Series Now arrange the metals in their correct order of reactivity and include the metals potassium, silver and lead. Increasing reactivity

  43. Alkali metals

  44. Element, compound or mixture? Look at the objects that are pointed out on the picture. Your job is to work out if they are elements, compounds or mixtures. Smoke Slate on roof The air Glass window Wooden tree trunk Aluminium car body Red paint on door Copper door knob Soil in garden Iron garden gate • Remember: • Elements are made up of one type of atom and are found on the Periodic Table. • Compounds are two or more elements chemically joined which cannot easily be separated. • Mixtures can easily be separated.

  45. Word Equations Fill in the gaps in these word equations to make them complete. If there is no reaction write this in the gap. Sodium + water Sodium hydroxide + Magnesium + oxygen Iron + water (steam) oxide + hydrogen Silver + water (steam) + + Hydrochloric acid Calcium chloride + hydrogen Sodium + Sulphuric acid + hydrogen Copper chloride + Magnesium + copper Calcium + oxygen Silver nitrate + Iron + Gold + oxygen Iron sulphate + Copper + Nitric acid Zinc nitrate + + Potassium hydroxide + hydrogen + Magnesium carbonate + Iron Magnesium Chloride + Zinc +

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