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Target Strength

reflected wave. a. incident wave. Target Strength. At r = 1 yd. Factors Determining Target Strength. the shape of the target the size of the target the construction of the walls of the target the wavelength of the incident sound the angle of incidence of the sound. R 2. R 1.

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Target Strength

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  1. reflected wave a incident wave Target Strength At r = 1 yd.

  2. Factors Determining Target Strength • the shape of the target • the size of the target • the construction of the walls of the target • the wavelength of the incident sound • the angle of incidence of the sound

  3. R2 R1 Target Strength of a Convex Surface Incident Power Large objects compared to the wavelength

  4. R2 R1 Reflected Intensity (At r = 1 m)

  5. Special Case – Large Sphere a Note: Large means circumference >> wavelength TS positive only if a > 2 yds

  6. a 180o 0o Large Spheres (continued)

  7. Example • An old Iraqi mine with a radius of 1.5 m is floating partially submerged in the Red Sea. Your minehunting sonar is a piston array and has a frequency of 15 kHz and a diameter of 5 m. 20 kW of electrical power are supplied to the transducer which has an efficiency of 40%. If the mine is 1000 yds in front of you, what is the signal level of the echo. Assume spherical spreading.

  8. Scattering from Small Spheres (Rayleigh Scattering)

  9. Scattering from Cylinders Dimensions (L,a) large compared to wavelength 2a L

  10. Gas Bubbles • Damping effect is due to the combined effects of radiation, shear viscosity and thermal conductivity. A good approximation is • where fk is the frequency in kHz.

  11. Fish • Main contribution for fish target strength comes from the swim bladder. • This gas-filled bladder shows a very strong impedance contrast with the water and fish tissues. It behaves either as a resonator (frequencies of 500 Hz-2 kHz depending on fish size and depth) or as a geometric reflector (> 2 kHz). This swim bladder behaves very similar to gas bubbles. The difference in target strength between fish with and without swim bladder can be 10-15 dB. • A semi-empirical model most often used is: • Love (1978) • This formula is valid for dorsal echoes at wavelengths smaller than fish length L.

  12. Example • What is the target strength of a cylindrical submarine 10 m in diameter and 100 m in length when pinged on by a 1500 Hz sonar? TS q 10o 5o

  13. Example • What is the target strength of a single fish 1m in length if the fish finder sonar has a frequency of 5000 Hz?

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