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Reinforcement

Reinforcement. Reinforcement . Occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar circumstances Reinforcement can also strengthen the duration , latency , magnitude , and/or topography of behavior

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Reinforcement

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  1. Reinforcement

  2. Reinforcement • Occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar circumstances • Reinforcement can also strengthen the duration, latency, magnitude, and/or topography of behavior • How immediate? • The behavior closest in time to the reinforcer will be strengthened • When behavior is affected by a delayed consequence, language is probably playing a role and not simply reinforcement

  3. Rule-Governed Behavior • Behavior controlled by a verbal description of a contingency • Example: • If you get your work done by the end of the day, we’ll go to McDonald’s. • Allows behavior to come under control of delayed consequences

  4. Signs That Behavior is a Result of Rule Following Rather Than Reinforcement • No immediate consequence for the behavior is apparent • The response-consequence delay is greater than 30 seconds • Behavior changes without reinforcement • A large increase in the frequency of the behavior occurs following one instance of reinforcement • No consequence for the behavior exists, including no automatic reinforcement, but the rule exists

  5. Common Mistakes in Talking About SR • Reinforce him when he points to right picture. • We reinforce behaviors, not people • How might you say the above sentence differently? • Practicing reinforces the skill. • What’s wrong with this statement? • Artificial reinforcement • Consider using contrived • Feedback = Reinforcement • Feedback: Info a person receives about a particular aspect of his behavior following its completion

  6. Classifying Reinforcers • Unconditioned (Primary) SR • A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer even though the learner has had no particular learning history • Examples? • Conditioned (Secondary) SR • A previously neutral stimulus change that has acquired the capability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing with a reinforcer • Generalized conditioned Reinforcer: conditioned SR that has been paired with a variety of reinforcers • Positive/Negative Reinforcers

  7. Positive Reinforcement • Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions • Positive reinforcer: a stimulus whose presentation or onset functions as reinforcement

  8. Positive Reinforcer SR+ ResponseR Open a bag of chips See chips Have the cup in your hand Reach out to your cup Get a token on your token board Say, “hi”

  9. Negative Reinforcement • Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the removal, termination, reduction, or postponement of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions • Negative reinforcer: a stimulus whose termination or reduction functions as reinforcement • Can be unconditioned (e.g., pain) or conditioned (e.g., dirty look) • Note: Negative Reinforcement is not punishment!

  10. Negative Reinforcer SR- R Cover ears Loud sound goes away Scream Hard work is removed No more scary sight Look away

  11. Escape and Avoidance • Previous examples were escape contingencies (the response produces escape from something) • Avoidance Contingency • Response prevents or postpones something • Examples No stumbling Walk perfectly Look at teacher No reprimand

  12. Automatic Reinforcement • Reinforcement can be classified as social or automatic • Social Reinforcement: the reinforcer is delivered by another person • e.g., attention • Automatic Reinforcement: Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others • Automatic Positive Reinforcement: • e.g., humming, eating something • Automatic Negative Reinforcement: • e.g., scratching an itch, spitting something out • Nothing special about it – it would be reinforcing if delivered by someone else • A behavior can be socially reinforced in some situations and automatically reinforced in others • e.g., playing a musical instrument 6

  13. Automatic Reinforcer ResponseR Hum Hear nice sound Eat a candy Taste sweet Itch is gone Scratch itch Spit out lima beans Gross taste is gone

  14. Problem Behaviors Often Maintained by Automatic Reinforcement • Stereotypy • Self-injurious behavior (SIB) • Pica • “Habit” disorders? (e.g., trichotillomania, nail biting, skin picking) • Tics?

  15. Classifying SR by Physical Properties • Edible • Sensory • Tangible • Activity – opportunity to engage in a behavior functions as a reinforcer • Social

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