Westward Expansion

1. Westward Expansion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destinys

2. Northwest Territory • As a result of the French and Indian War America took possession of the Northwest Territory. • After the Revolutionary War Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance

3. Northwest Territory • Northwest Ordinance: • Divided the territory into smaller territories • Set up a way that the territories could become states • Five states eventually are made: • Ohio • Indiana • Illinois • Michigan • Wisconsin

4. Northwest Territory Slavery was banned in the Northwest Territory

5. Louisiana Purchase • Thomas Jefferson- 3rd president • Wants to secure the Mississippi River for shipping purchases. • Negotiates with the leader of France, Napoleon (who ones the Louisiana Territory) to purchase the entire piece of land.

6. Louisiana Purchase • 1803 • Purchase is made. • Largest land purchase by the USA. • Doubled the size of the USA. • 15 million dollars. A BARGAIN!

7. Lewis and Clark Expedition • President Jefferson wanted to send someone to explore the new land and find a water route to the Pacific Ocean. • Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were chosen. • They set out from St. Louis in May of 1804 and didn’t return until September 1806.

8. Lewis and Clark Expedition • Gained much knowledge about plants, animals, terrain. • Met many new Native American tribes along the way. • The expedition led to many people moving to the Pacific Northwest.

9. The War of 1812 • Congress declared War on Britain in June of 1812. • Reasons: • British were encourage Native Americans in the west to resist American settlers • British were practicing impressment: kidnapping US sailors at sea.

10. The War of 1812 • Goal: win land from the British in Canada and Spain in Florida (expansion!) • August 1814: British invade Washington, DC and burn much of the city.

11. The War of 1812 • Fort McHenry: • Americans win a glorious battle. • Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner (national anthem) after witnessing the battle.

12. War of 1812 • Andrew Jackson was a US Commander during the war. • He won many battles against Native Americans allied with Britain. • Battle of New Orleans: famously outnumbered, Jackson leads his men to victory. • Side note: the war was already over! He didn’t know!

13. War of 1812 • The war ended with the Treaty of Ghent • No one really won the war. • The US did not gain new land, but the war ensured that they could continue to settle the west.

14. Nationalism • The War of 1812 led to US nationalism. • Pride that citizens feel for their country. Citizens began to view their country as one of the greatest on earth!

15. The Monroe Doctrine • After the war the country entered into a time period that was very peaceful. • Era of Good Feelings • Economy is good • Nationalism • Unity

16. The Monroe Doctrine • President James Monroe (5th) issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. • Monroe Doctrine: • US will not tolerate European intervention in the Americas • American continents (north and south) are no longer open for colonization • He didn’t have the power to enforce this, but Britain helped back it up to ensure their trade in the Americas.

18. Manifest Destiny • The idea that it was Americans destiny to expand and possess territory all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

19. The Missouri Compromise • Slavery begins to cause a lot of controversy! • Northern States opposed any new state allowing slavery. • Southern States thought that new states being “free states” would give them a disadvantage in Congress.

20. The Missouri Compromise • At the time there were the same number of free states as slave states. • 1819- Missouri applies to be a state. • Missouri wanted to be a slave state. • That would throw off the balance.

21. The Missouri Compromise • Compromise: • Missouri will become a slave state. • Maine will become a free state. • 36/30 N would be a dividing line: any state admitted that is above it will be free, any state below will be slave. **Henry Clay thought of this compromise.

23. Texas: Independence and Annexation • 1821- Mexico gained independence from Spain. • Mexico gained control of Texas. • Many US settlers lived in Texas. • 1834 General Antonio Santa Ana took power of the Mexican government.

24. Texas: Independence and Annexation • Response: US settlers in Texas, led by Sam Houston– rebel! • 1836- Texas delegates declare the territory’s independence. • The Alamo

25. Texas: Independence and Annexation • Texas eventually wins its independence. • Wants to become a part of the USA. • In 1845 Texas joins the Union.

26. Oregon • 1827- US & Great Britain agreed to share the Oregon territory. • Many American settlers move out to Oregon. • President Polk argued that only the USA had rights to the territory up to the 54/40 N line. • Slogan for reelection: “54-40 or Fight!”

28. Oregon • Britain wanted to maintain friendly trade relations with Oregon so eventually they give in. • The Oregon territory became a part of the USA in 1846.

29. Mexican-American War • Mexico saw the USA annexing Texas as aggression towards them. • 1845- President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor (later becomes President) to lead his troops to the Texas/Mexico boarder.

30. Mexican-American War • President Polk sent a diplomat to negotiate the boarder with Mexico. • Mexico refused to meet with him. • President Polk told Taylor to send his men a bit past the boarder. • Congress declared war on Mexico 1846.

31. Mexican-American War • War end in 1847 (Mexico surrendered). • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: • 1848 • Mexico had to hand over New Mexico and California territories.

32. The Gadsden Purchase • USA built a transcontinental railroad. • We needed more land that Mexico owned to get around the Grand Canyon. • We peaceful purchases a piece of land (called the Gadsden purchase) from Mexico for 10 million dollars.

33. The Cherokee & Trail of Tears • Cherokee- prominent Native American tribe in western NC and northern Georgia. • Cherokee had helped Andrew Jackson in the war of 1812. • Accommodating to white settlements more than any other tribe.

34. The Cherokee & Trail of Tears • Then… • Gold was found on Cherokee land. • US Government stepped in and moved the tribe. • White settlers were allowed to now settled the former Cherokee land.

35. The Cherokee & Trail of Tears • 1830- Indian Removal Act - authorized the removal of the Cherokee and several other tribes . • The Cherokee challenged it. • The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee had the right to remain on their land.

36. The Cherokee & Trail of Tears • President Jackson disagreed and would not enforce the decision of the court. • 1838- Jackson leaves office and the government removed the Cherokee with force. • Forced to walk over 800 miles to Oklahoma. • Over 25% died from disease, starvation, and exposure. • “Trail of Tears”

37. Trail of Tears

38. California Becomes a State • 1848- GOLD!!!! Found in California. • 1849- gold seekers move west in droves. (49ers) • Growth in population in CA caused a need for government and stability. • California needs to become a state.

39. California Becomes a State • Raises the slavery issue again. • Compromise of 1850: • California- free state • Stricter ‘Fugitive Slave Law’

40. Sectional Differences • People moved west for many different reasons: religion, promise of land, money etc. • Mormons - moved west to escape religious persecution. • Founder, Joseph Smith, had been murdered. • Brigham Young became their new leader and took them out west to present-day Utah.

41. Sectional Differences • Gold Rush of 1849. • 1859- rush to western Nevada after a discover of more precious metals. • Gold becomes the major reason for conflict between white settlers and Natives.

42. Sectional Differences • Land also drew people. • People spread west to gain more land and farm more (especially cotton). • This also spread slavery and the debate on it.

43. Sectional DifferencesEconomic Differences between the NORTH and SOUTH • 1793- Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. • This invention increased production and made cotton the most valuable crop in the south --- “King Cotton”. • More Cotton = More slaves

44. Sectional DifferencesEconomic Differences between the NORTH and SOUTH • Eli Whitney also came up with the innovation of interchangeable parts. • Making individual parts that will work on all types… • This idea spread in the north and many factories opened to keep up with production!

45. Sectional DifferencesEconomic Differences between the NORTH and SOUTH • Sectionalism and tension over slavery increased. • South: plantation system • Free labor • North: factory system • Paid workers

46. Sectional DifferencesEconomic Differences between the NORTH and SOUTH • Moral issue: • Many people in the North began to see slavery as a moral issue. • Called for abolition of the institution. • Southerners said that the conditions factory workers were in were just as bad, if not worse than slaves in the south.

47. Sectional DifferencesPolitical Differences • Southerners/Westerners: • National government should be restricted. • Can only do what it SPECIFICALLY says in the Constitution. • Didn’t trust northerners (wanted to end slavery) • Northerners: • Support strong national government. • Liked laws that favored factory system over plantation system.

48. Sectional DifferencesPolitical Differences • Southerners: • opposed tariffs (tax on imports) • Hurt their business of selling crops overseas. • Fought to uphold slavery (depended on it)

49. Sectional DifferencesPolitical Differences • Northerners: • Did not want to see slavery expand into new states and territories. • Some wanted it to end all together. • Moral: its an abomination • Economic: want to beat the south

50. Democracy • Feeling of no REAL democracy: • Only white males who owned property could vote. • Only wealthy people tended to win elections. • African American (free men)? • Women? • Non-land owners?