Classification and Beyond

1. Classification and Beyond Chapters 19

2. Why do we name things? • To distinguish one thing from another • To communicate with others more effectively • It forces us to examine things more closely and make distinctions

4. Classical Taxonomy – the Binomial System • Carl von Linné (a.k.a.) Carolus Linnaeus • Binomial nomenclature – each organism gets two names, a genus name and a species name. These are always used together. You cannot use a species name without the genus name.

5. If you ordered americanus in a restaurant …. • Homarus americanus – lobster • Ursus americanus – black bear • Bufo americanus – American toad

6. 3 Domains • Archaea • Eubacteria • Eukarya

7. Kings Play Chess On Fine Grained Sand: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Taxon - a group of organisms at any particular level in this system

8. Biological Species Concept • Biological species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. • Reproductive unit • Genetic unit • Ecological unit

9. Phenetics • Based on observable characteristics • Uses “yes or no” questions • “numerical taxonomists” • Choice of characteristics is subjective • Groupings unrelated to evolution • Environment affects some characteristics more than others

10. Cladistics • Produce evolutionary trees • Groupings include the ancestral species and all its descendants – Monophyletic • Uses physical characteristics, fossil record and sequences of proteins and genes • Sometimes it agrees with classical taxonomy and sometimes it does not

12. DNA and protein sequencing • Evolve the same way as other characteristics – homologous or analogous? • Also involves subjective choices • Noncoding DNA tends to change at a more constant rate – can be used as a “molecular clock.”