Crisis, Realignment, and the Dawn of the Post-Cold World, 1975-1991 Chapter 32

1. Crisis, Realignment, and the Dawn of the Post-Cold World, 1975-1991Chapter 32

2. Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion, 1975-1990

3. Revolutions, Depressions, and Democratic Reform in Latin America • Success of Cuban Revolution led to U.S. organizing political and military allies in Latin America. Why?

4. “Brazilian Solution” 1964 by coup • Dictatorship • Death squads • Import substitution • Also used in: • Revolutionary Movements • Nicaragua- Sandinista movement • Until 1990 • El Salvador- FMLN • Guerilla war against military regime • Until 1990s

5. Military dictatorships est. in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina all came to an end between 1983-1990. • Undermined by: kidnapping, torture, and corruption • Argentina • Invasion of Falkland Islands and military defeat by Britain.

6. By 1980s oil importing nations were in economic trouble • High prices • Mexico faced crises because they borrowed heavily when oil prices were high and rising in the 1970s, but found themselves unable to keep up with debt payments when oil prices fell in 1980s. • In 1991 Latin America was more dominated by _____ than in 1975. • Grenada 1983 • Panama 1989

7. Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan • Iran • Inefficiency of Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi • American backing • Effects: • strikes and street demonstrations led to Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini rise to power • Conservative, anti-western

8. Saddam Hussein came to power in Iraq in 1980. • U.S. support until 1986 • In 1978 Soviets sent army into Afghanistan to support a newly est. communist regime. • U.S. supported Afghanistan • Result:

9. Asian Transformation • Japanese economy • Grew faster in the 1970s and 80s than any other major developed countries in the world. • Keirestsu • Tariffs • Import regulations • Imitated by: S. Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore

10. Characteristics of industrialized economies • Hard working labor force • Investment in education • Personal savings • Export strategies • Technology • Government sponsorship • China • 1978 Deng Xiaoping regime • Resisted political reform • Tiananmen Square protest 1989

11. The End of the Bipolar World, 1989-1991 • In the 1980’s, Soviet Union faced many problems • Economy • Standard of living • Afghanistan • Protests • Mikhail Gorbachev 1985 • Glasnost • perestroika

12. The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc • Religious and nationalist opponents of communism • Solidarity labor union (Poland) • Economic problems • Fall of communism in E. Europe • Reunification of Germany in 1990 • Weak central government in Soviet Union • Dismemberment of Yugoslavia 1991 • Division of Czech Republic 1992

13. The Persian Gulf War 1990-1991 • Iraq invaded Kuwait • Oil • Saudi Arabia drew U.S. into conflict • Drove out Saddam Hussein • Left in power • Legacy • U.S. confidence

14. The Challenge of Population Growth

15. Demographic Transition • European population doubled between 1850 and 1914 • Outstrip of food production • Thomas Malthus • After WW2 lower fertility rates • Leaders in Third World encouraged population growth until economic shocks of 1970s and 1980s • Pronatalist policy was abandoned • Poor countries- high birth rates

16. The Industrialized Nations • Low fertility rates in Europe and Japan • Why? • Low fertility levels combined with improved life expectancy will lead to an increasing number of retirees who will rely on a relatively smaller number of working adults to pay for their social services. • Russia and socialist countries; lower birthrates and life expectancy

17. The Developing Nations • 95% of all population growth will be in developing regions • Africa and Muslim countries • Asia and India continued to grow despite government intervention

18. Old and Young Populations • Aging populations will have to rely on immigration or increased technology to maintain high standards of living and inflated social welfare programs. • Developing nations have young populations • Problems:

19. Unequal Development and the Movement of People

20. The Problem of Growing Inequality • Industrialized nations in the north enjoy larger share of wealth than a century ago. • Majority of world live in poverty • Regional inequalities within nations have grown

21. Internal Migration: the Growth of Cities • Rural to urban increased by ___ from 1925 to 1950. • Cities • Standards of living • Impossible burdens • Slums, shantytowns, crime

22. Global Migration • Migrations from undeveloped to developed nations increased after 1960, leading to racial and ethnic tension in host nations. • Immigrant communities • Higher birth rates • Increase in: Muslim population in Europe and Asian population in U.S. and Latin America • Problem:

23. Technological and Environmental Change

24. New Technological and Environmental Change • New technologies developed after WW2 • Pent up demand for consumer goods led to application and development of technology • Computer • Transnational corporations • Technological change • Few controls

25. Conserving and Sharing Resources • Activists in 1960s warning about environmental consequences • Environmental degradation • Soviet Union • Environmental protection v. economic growth • Population • Land • Water pollution

26. Responding to Environmental Threats • 1970s governments of: U.S., European, and Japan took initiative in preserving environment. • Most developed nations • Obstacles • Weak governments • Increase in population