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The Cold War (1945-1991)

The Cold War (1945-1991). Timeline. USSR dissolves. WWII. Cold War. 1939. 1945. 1989. 1991. Revolutions of 1989. What is it. US vs. USSR state of tension nuclear arms race propaganda war fighting through client states. USSR / Soviet Union (1922-1991). Origins of The cold war.

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The Cold War (1945-1991)

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  1. The Cold War (1945-1991)

  2. Timeline USSR dissolves WWII Cold War 1939 1945 1989 1991 Revolutions of 1989

  3. What is it • US vs. USSR • state of tension • nuclear arms race • propaganda war • fighting through client states

  4. USSR / Soviet Union (1922-1991)

  5. Origins of The cold war

  6. Causes • clash of ideologies: capitalism/democracy vs. communism • power rivalry

  7. PROPAGANDA WAR Above: “Capitalists of the world, unite!”

  8. No single start date … 3 wartime conferences b/t GB, USSR, US • Nov. 1943: Teheran Conference • plan how to beat Germany • Feb. 1945: Yalta Conference • plan for postwar Germany • USSR joins war vs. Japan • E. Europe – free elections, pro-Russian • July 1945: Potsdam Conference • US demands free elections & USSR refuses

  9. The Big Three:Churchill, FDR, Stalin (Yalta)

  10. No single start date … • March 1946: Churchill’s “iron curtain”speech • March 1947: Truman Doctrine (containment) • June 1947: Marshall Plan • 1948: Berlin blockade/airlift

  11. 2 alliances: NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

  12. The “iron curtain”

  13. Marshall Plan

  14. Postwar division of Germany

  15. Late COLD WAR, 1968-1985

  16. Détente (1970s) • relaxation of cold war tensions • Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik(W. German reconciliation w/ E. Europe) • 1975 Final Act of the Helsinki Conference • reaffirm Euro. borders • human rights

  17. Détente ends (late 70s-mid 80s) • Brezhnev ignored Helsinki human rights • Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979) • Reagan calls USSR the “evil empire” • Reagan ↑ defense spending

  18. Vietnam War (height, 1968-1973) Life magazine Vol. 64, No. 10 in the 8 March 1968 issue. A photo from the Tet Offensive.

  19. Ussr

  20. Major Soviet Leaders • Lenin (1917-1924)  • Stalin (1924-1953)  • Khrushchev (1955-1964)  • Brezhnev (1964-1982)  • Gorbachev (1985-1991) 

  21. Stalin (1924-1953) • totalitarian • central planning: • 5 Year Plans • collectivization / de-kulakization • propaganda • censorship • KGB • gulag

  22. Khrushchev (1955-1964) • de-Stalinization • 1956 Hungarian rev. • Cold War: • 1961 Bay of Pigs • 1961 Berlin Wall • 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

  23. Brezhnev (1964-1982) • re-Stalinization • Prague Spring (1968) / Dubček • Brezhnev Doctrine

  24. Gorbachev (1985-1991) • end Cold War

  25. Western europe

  26. Politics • postwar – new leaders: • Christian Democrats • soc/com … “welfare state” • US • 1950s-early 80s: welfare state = heavy gov’t. spending • 1980s – conservatism: • Reagan (US) • Thatcher (GB) • Kohl (W. Germany) Margaret Thatcher, British PM 1979-1990

  27. Economics • postwar – rapid growth • Why: Marshall Plan, gov’t. stimulus, ppl. ready to work, consumer demand, Common Market • 1970s-80s – series of econ. crises • early 70s: US$ plummeted in value  global inflation • oil shocks in 1973 (OPEC) & 1979 (Iranian Rev.)

  28. Cold War Era Trends

  29. 1. Movement for European Unity political unif. fail / economic unif. succeed • OEEC (1948) • Council of Europe (1949) • Coal and Steel Community (1952-2002) • European Econ. Community / European Community / Common Market (1958-1993) • Treaty of Rome (1957) • European Union, EU(1993-present) • Maastricht Treaty (1991) – est. € (2002) • 2004 constitution

  30. 2. Science & Technology • practical applications • radar, jets, atomic bomb • Big Science • big ... orgs., projects, funding • ex. space race • results: • sci. community grows • more specialization • more teamwork • more competition Time cover, 1968.

  31. 3. Social Classes • greater social mobility • middle class more open and growing • lower class more urban and decreasing • greater social equality due to: • industrial/tech expansion  demand for white collar jobs • old propertied classes lost land/businesses • social welfare programs • “gadget revolution” • recreation: explosion of mass travel

  32. 4. Women’s Movement • early marriage & childbearing, small families, women work outside the home • factors that helped women find jobs: • postwar econ boom • more white collar jobs • access to education • East Bloc – women were half of all employed persons + entered “male” professions like medicine

  33. 4. Women’s Movement • 1970s-1980s: feminist movement • Goals: workplace rights; right to divorce, abortion, protection against violence, help for single moms • Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (1949) • Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963); NOW (1966)

  34. 5. Youth & Counterculture (‘60s-’70s) • rebellion against traditional authorities & status quo • sex, drugs & rock ’n’ roll • leftist politics, student protests • Vietnam • France 1968

  35. 6. Postwar Migration • 1950s-60s: influx of immigrants • change from pattern of emigration • ppl came for jobs – big demand for labor • patterns of movement: • rural  urban areas • less-developed south  industrial north • former colonies  European mother countries • guest worker programs • impact: helped econ recovery; growing ethnic diversity; integration difficulties

  36. Cold war ends, 1985-1991

  37. Gorbachev’s Reforms • perestroika (econ. “restructuring”) • glasnost (“openness”) • democratization • new foreign policy: relax E-W tensions Soviet leader, 1985-1991

  38. Revolutions of 1989 • Poland 1st • 1978: Pope John Paul II • 1980: Gdansk shipyard strike Solidarity forms under Lech Wałensa • 1981: Jaruzelski declares martial law • 1989: Solidarity legalized + free elections  Solidarity wins & begins reforms

  39. Revolutions of 1989 • Hungary • E. Germany • Berlin Wall falls • Czechoslovakia • Velvet Revolution • Vaclav Havel • Romania • only violent rev. • Ceauşescu

  40. German Reunification (1990) • E. Germans wanted better life • led by W. German Chancellor Helmut Kohl • Gorby agreed – Germany pledged peaceful intent + loans to USSR

  41. Further cooling of E-W. tensions • Paris Accord (1990): Europe, US, USSR • military reduction • affirmation of existing Euro. borders • additional US-USSR agreements to reduce nuclear arms Gorbachev & Reagan sign an arms reduction treaty in 1987.

  42. Collapse of the USSR (1991) • Gorby wanted to reform communism & keep the USSR, which pleased no one: • hardline communists • democrats (led by Yeltsin) • Who won? Boris Yeltsin, Russian pres. 1991-1999

  43. Collapse of the USSR (1991)

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