11 Ld’s research on aspects of energy consumption

1. 11 Ld’s research on aspects of energy consumption Fossil fuel use Energy efficiency in: Aeronautical transport Marine transport Rail transport Automobile transport

2. they will run out - FINITE Half of the world’s supply was used in the 20th century. The amount we use is increasing exponentially as more cars hit the road. We will run out unless another viable energy source is found. Demand is increasing Developing countries like China have more people wanting cars than ever before. The goal of the Chinese government is to have every Chinese family own a car. If this were to actually happen it would require more than the world’s total oil resources to fuel them.

3. The damage they cause, both in getting them out the ground and burning them, is irreparable. The damage they do to the atmosphere is far worse, because it changes the whole climate of the earth and can cause ecosystems to fail because of this. Burning fossil fuels can also produce sulphur dioxide, which can cause rain to be more acidic than normal. This acid rain can destroy limestone and upset the PH of the environment. They damage the environment

4. They cause health problems • Petrol (and especially diesel) fumes can cause breathing problems such as asthma. • They can also aggravate existing medical conditions such as bronchitis.

5. How energy is used for transport in the UK

6. How is energy used in Transport? • Transport is the largest sector in the UK energy economy. It uses about 36% of the energy in the UK. • The different means of transport are: • Cars – These burn different fuels like petroleum which is most commonly used. 99% of all the fuel used in the UK is petroleum. • LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas. Used because it reduces emissions and, e.g., the damage to the ozone layer.

7. Buses • These run on the same fuel as other automobiles but there are also new more efficient green technology buses in London. • They are made of light weight materials and glass allowing as much light as possible inside. • They use the latest green diesel-electric hybrid technology, producing less then half the harmful emissions of a conventional diesel bus and is twice as fuel efficient.

8. Air transport The Cost The graph shows that we are expected to spend more and more money on fuel for commercial flights.

9. The Fuel Efficiency of an Aircraft The graph shows that aeroplanes have become more fuel efficient since 1960 However some people believe that the engines can no longer get more fuel efficient. And so making the aircraft lighter is only way of saving fuel.

10. Boeing 787 Dreamliner 20% more fuel efficient than the 767 which it replaces This efficiency is achieved by using plastic and lightening the aircraft. Unit cost 787-9: US$243.6 million (2012) Program cost: US$32 billion (Boeing's expenditure as of 2011) By November 2012, the 787 program had logged 844 orders from 57 customers

11. The Most Fuel Efficient Plane The "Synergy" aircraft could carry up to five people with a fuel efficiency of 40 miles per gallon. its design can achieve 10 times the fuel economy of a small jet at 10 percent of the usual cost A plane like a Boeing 747 uses approximately 1 gallon of fuel (about 4 litres) every second. Over the course of a 10-hour flight, it might burn 36,000 gallons (150,000 liters). According to Boeing's Web site, the 747 burns approximately 5 gallons of fuel per mile (12 liters per kilometer).

12. Methods for Increasing Fuel Efficiency Different Materials (DSM Composite resin-Lighter Carbon Fiber) http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=dZtXfnuLb08#! Materials used for NASA space missions Aerodynamics already developed understanding. (Improve fuel efficiency 3-5%) Open Fan Engines. Increase fan size and remove outer casing. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkQ1oaqzM3k

13. Marine Transport • Electric boats became popular in the 1880’s. • The first solar boat was constructed in 1975 in England. • A mainscharger allows the boat to be charged from shore-side power when available. Shore-based power stations have much stricter environmental controls than the average marine diesel or outboard motor. By purchasing green electricity it is possible to operate electric boats using sustainable or renewable energy. • Towed generators and wind turbines mean that the battery will charge as the boat moves. • Solar powered cells means that the battery can charge whenever it is exposed to the sun. • The bottoms of boats are painted in a non-toxic paint that prevents the build-up of barnacles meaning that the drag force on the boat is improved as it is more aerodynamic in the water. • Therefore most electric boats need only about 1.5 kW or 2 hp to cruise at 5 mph

14. Rail transport • Lighter & aerodynamic  because there is less air resistance, the same driving force will produce a bigger acceleration for longer meaning it will have a bigger top speed for a certain amount of fuel burnt. • Degenerative braking means that when locomotives brake the heat energy produced heats up resistors, therefore storing up the energy which can be used again to restart the locomotive. • Improving engines by investing in better parts means that smaller engines can produce the same amount of power, and less kinetic energy is transferred into heat energy, improving power efficiency.

15. Motor vehicles • Regenerative braking • A regenerative brake is an energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle or object down by converting its kinetic energy into another form, which can be either used immediately or stored until needed • This contrasts with conventional braking systems, where the excess kinetic energy is converted to heat by friction in the brake linings and therefore wasted • Electric cars • An electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one electric motor or more, using electrical energy stored in batteries or another energy storage device. • Electric motors give electric cars instant torque, creating strong and smooth acceleration • Hydrogen gas • Hydrogen is more energy efficient than standard sources of fuel