Natural

1. Natural Selection http://www.mediamob.co.kr/fds/blogcontents/data1/img4/mantis.jpg

2. Mutations • Harmful • Adaptive • No Value 3 Types

3. Mutations Harmful – These types of mutations are detrimental to the organism • Either causing it to be less well adapted for its environment, or by causing a basic life function of the animal to function deficiently or not at all Types

4. www.ridacritter.com/ site_map.htm http://www.ridacritter.com/albino%20squirrel%20http://www.weforanimals.com/free-pictures/wild-animals/moose/1/Bull%20Moose%20Resting%20in%20Vegetation%20-%20Burger,%20Carl%20-%20USFWS.JPG005.jpg http://www.ridacritter.com/albino%20sqhttp://www.moosefoundation.org/pictures/albino.jpgrrel%20005.jpg

5. Take a minutes… • Write a brief list of how the albino organisms color mutation is detrimental to that organism’s survival in the wild.

6. Mutations Adaptive – These types of mutations cause the organism to gain some advantage that increases its ability to survive and reproduce successfully Types

7. Mutations Adaptive Examples: • The ability to utilize another food source • Disease immunity or resistance • Makes the organism more competitive Types

8. Examples: • Disease immunity or resistance http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/sicklecell.jpg

9. Examples: The ability to utilize another food source http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/unity/c1x17b-finches.jpg

10. Fitness • “ The relative contribution an individual makes to the gene pool to the next generation” • Cambell, Biology

11. Makes the organism more competitive http://www.wonderquest.com/2003-01-31-giraffe-rhino.jpg http://www.airs.com/ian/giraffe.gif

12. Take a minutes… • Write down a list of at least 7 adaptations that the Giraffe posses that increase its fitness within its environments

13. Mutations No Value – These types of mutations do nothing to either harm the organism or to make them more fit Types

14. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap05/trna-1.gif&imgrefurl=http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap05/Chapter05.html&h=382&w=283&sz=37&tbnid=G8z7JoxTdy0J:&tbnh=119&tbnw=88&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3DtRNA%26svnum%3D50%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official_s%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap05/trna-1.gif&imgrefurl=http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap05/Chapter05.html&h=382&w=283&sz=37&tbnid=G8z7JoxTdy0J:&tbnh=119&tbnw=88&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3DtRNA%26svnum%3D50%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official_s%26sa%3DG

15. Mutations Mutations assist a species because they cause a variety of variations to exist within that species. Adaptive mutations increase the fitness of a species by providing increased variation WHY?

16. Recurrent mutation – a mutation for a trait that is genetically different from either parent, but is already present in the population

17. Novel Mutation – a mutation that results in a trait that is not already present in the population

18. Competition Conflict that arises between individuals or groups in the process of acquiring limited resources

19. Lets see how this works

20. Limiting Resource • Any factor (usually a nutrient) within an ecosystem that is in finite quantity and that is required by individuals in that ecosystem for survival

21. Competitive Exclusion Principal • “Two species with similar needs for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place” –Campbell, Biology

22. Niche 2 types • Fundamental niche – the resources (biotic and abiotic) that are theoretically available to an organism • Realized niche – the resources (biotic and abiotic) that are actually utilized by a given population (Campbell, Biology)

23. To Clarify… A niche is what the animal does in its community, its habitat is where it lives JOB HOME http://www.job-interview-questions.com/executives.jpg http://www.nypatriot.com/victorian-house.jpg

24. Types of Competition • Interspecific - competition between different species • Intraspecific – competition within the same species

25. Darwin’s Observations • If all offspring were able to reproduce successfully populations size would exponentially increase over a few generations • In natures populations sizes are relatively stable • Limited resources exist in all environments • Individuals within the same species have a variety of unique and distinct traits (every individual is different) 5. Many of these variations can be passed on to successive generations

26. What this means… 1. • Competition results when more offspring are produced then can survive because resources are limited • Offspring that posses more beneficial characteristics are more likely to survive and pass on their genes • Because more fit individuals survive most often populations will shift over time to accumulate more beneficial characteristics 2. 3.

27. This is called…. Natural Selection

28. NOTE • Adaptations are not static as environments change so do the characteristics of a population. The best combination of traits changes over time

29. Key Point • Note: species do not develop a trait to cope with an element in their environment rather a pool of traits (range of variation) exist within a given population and those that are best adapted survive more frequently and reproduce more successfully.

30. Artificial selection – human modification of species (ex. Selective breeding)

31. Selection Pressures • Food • Habitat • Mates • Predation • Disease • Climate • Competition for resources ( invasive species)

32. Types of Natural Selection… EnvironmentalSurvive(often Interspecific)

33. Types of Natural Selection… • Stabilizing Selection This type of selection encourages the average or status quo combination of traits. It happens in environments where there is little change occurring

35. Types of Natural Selection… • Directional Selection This type of selection favors a specific combination of traits that were relatively rare in the original population It happens in environments where there is great change occurring or is a species is moving into a new environment

38. Types of Natural Selection… • Diversifying Selection This type of selection favors traits on either end of the spectrum but not the middle It happens in environments where there is change but the new factors favor multiple variations, this often happens in a divergence of species

41. Note… • Only traits that already exist in a population can be selected for • Every adaptation is also a compromise • Every adaptation has to be based on a preexisting element of the organism • There cannot be a permanently perfect organism

42. http://scienceforfamilies.allinfo-about.com/zoo/peacock.jpg http://www.gerrymkaye.org/rams.jpg Types of Natural Selection… SexualReproduce(Often Intraspecific)

43. Sexual Dimorphism • A feature possessed by a single sex that increases reproductive fitness (generally in vertebrates)…

44. Important • Reproductive fitness can (but doesn’t have to) detract significantly from the environmental fitness of an individual ie. The Peacock …

45. Hey Big Boy! http://scienceforfamilies.allinfo-about.com/zoo/peacock.jpg Important My big dumb tail feathers make me easy to SEE! Please EAT ME!! And easier to catch!!!

46. Sexual secondary characteristic can assist the animal in survival such as a deer’s antlers, but it is often the females that determine the fitness of a Sexual dimorphism