Chapter 12

1. Chapter 12 Nonrenewable Energy Sources

2. Warm-Up Question What have you done today that required energy?

4. Measuring Energy • Are all energy sources measured in the same way? • Gallons of gasoline • Cords of wood • Cubic feet of natural gas • How do we measure the amount of energy if each source has its own unit of measure?

5. British Thermal Units • 1 Btu = amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb. of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit • 1 wooden kitchen match = 1 Btu • 1 ounce of gasoline = 1,000 Btu’s

6. Btu’s • Everyday, the average American uses about 890,000 Btu’s of energy • In order to measure very large quantities of energy, we use the “quad”, which represents 1 quadrillion (1,000,000,000,000,000) Btu’s • The U.S. uses about 1 quad of energy every 3.7 days

7. Energy • What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable energy sources? • What percent of our energy comes from nonrenewable energy sources? Renewable energy sources?

8. Nonrenewable Energy • Nonrenewable energy resources - fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuels

9. Source: Energy Information Agency

10. Energy Consumption in the U.S.

11. Energy Use • Commercial energy sources - those that are bought and sold, such as coal, oil and natural gas • Subsistence energy sources - those gathered by individuals for their own use such as wood, charcoal, and animal waste

12. Process of Energy Use

13. Efficiency of U.S. Automobiles • How has automobile efficiency changed over the past 30 years?

14. Efficiency of U.S. Automobiles

16. AP Practice Problem Which of the following is not a nonrenewable energy resource? • Oil • Coal • Natural gas • Wind • Nuclear fuels

18. Electricity Generation • The burning fuel from coal transfers energy to water, which becomes steam • The kinetic energy contained within the steam is transferred to the blades of a turbine, a large device that resembles a fan • As the energy in the steam turns the turbine, the shaft in the center of the turbine turns the generator • This mechanical motion generates electricity

19. Electricity Generation

20. AP Practice Problem Which of the following is not a nonrenewable energy resource? • Oil • Coal • Natural gas • Wind • Nuclear fuels

22. Fuels Used for Electricity Generation in the U.S. • Most coal burning power plants are about 35% efficient

23. Cogeneration • Cogeneration - using a fuel to generate electricity and to produce heat • Ex: If steam is used for industrial purposes or to heat buildings it is diverted to turn a turbine first • This improves the efficiency to as high as 90%

24. Coal • Coal - a solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials that were preserved 280-360 million years ago • Four types of coal ranked from lesser to greater age, exposure to pressure, and energy content • These four types are: lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite • The largest coal reserves are in the United States, Russia, China, and India

25. Coal

26. Coal • Coal is most abundant fossil fuel • Primarily used for generating electricity • There are 3 categories of coal: • Lignite – least desirable because of its high moisture content • Bituminous – most widely used because it is most abundant and easiest to mine • Anthracite – has the highest energy content and is cleanest burning, but is hard to obtain

27. Coal

28. Coal Reserves in the U.S. lignite anthracite bituminous

29. Coal in the World • Where in the world is coal found?

30. Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal

31. Petroleum (Oil) • Petroleum - a mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits • Oil and gasoline make this ideal for mobile combustion, such as vehicles • Formed from the remains of ocean-dwelling phytoplankton that died 50-150 million years ago • Countries with the most petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, China, Canada, and Mexico

32. Petroleum

33. Oil in the U.S. • When was the first U.S. commercial oil well drilled? • 1859 • Where was it drilled? • Titusville, PA

34. What are the top oil producing states in the U.S.? • Texas (21%) • Alaska (11%) • California (10%) • North Dakota (6%) • Louisiana (3%)

35. Issues Related to the Use of Oil • Present technology only removes 1/3 of an oil deposit • Secondary recovery methods are used to recover more oil, such as forcing water or gas into wells to drive the oil out • As oil prices increase, more expensive and aggressive secondary recovery methods will need to be used

36. Oil Drilling

37. Oil Derrick - starts the well

38. Pump - removes oil from ground

39. Oil Pump

40. Secondary Recovery • Steam can be injected to recover more oil

41. Petroleum Products • What products can be made from petroleum?

42. Oil Refining • http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining2.htm • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Py8-Xy9MKo&list=PLi_1unC2AWvDyoaErq3ql9l-0x_zY9hc-

44. Which countries are in OPEC?

45. Benefits of Using Oil • Oil is more concentrated than coal, burns cleaner, and is easily transported through pipelines • Can be used to make many products • It causes less environmental damage than coal mining

46. Drawbacks of Using Oil • Oil spills • Oil well blowouts • Pipelines and transportation routes • Air pollution when burned

47. Price of Oil per Barrel (U.S.)

48. Source: Energy Information Agency

49. What we pay for in a gallon of gasoline Source: Energy Information Agency

50. Advantages and Disadvantages of Petroleum