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Europe 1914

Europe 1914. The First World War:. Why?. Long term – 1. The European experience 2. Alliance system 3. Imperialist Competition 4. Stockpiling of Weapons. The ‘isms’ Nationalism Imperialism Militarism. Short term - Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

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Europe 1914

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  1. Europe 1914

  2. The First World War: • Why? Long term – 1. The European experience 2. Alliance system 3. Imperialist Competition 4. Stockpiling of Weapons • The ‘isms’ • Nationalism • Imperialism • Militarism Short term - Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

  3. Treaty of Frankfurt , 1871 • Ended the Franco Prussian War • Defined border between Germany/France • Alsace-Lorraine

  4. The First World War: • Who? Central Powers: Allies: Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Russia France Great Britain ---------------------------- Italy Japan United States (1917)

  5. Who?Central Powers • Central Powers (Triple Alliance) • Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire – later Bulgaria & Italy (briefly) Kaiser Wilhelm II, Mehmed V, & Franz Joseph

  6. Who?Triple Entente • Triple Entente or Allied Powers • Loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia • Leaders • England – King George V - Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith, then David Lloyd George • France – George Clemenceau • Russia– Tsar Nicholas II

  7. The First World War:

  8. The Crisis 1. • 28 June 1914 • Heir to Austrian throne Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo. • Austria seizing Bosnia. • Hotbed of Slav nationalism Seal of the Black Hand group

  9. Archduke Franz Ferdinand • June 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand of Austria toured Sarajevo • Gavrilo Principe shot/killed the Archduke • Austrians blame Serbia for supporting terrorists. • The assassination sparked the First World War Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his Wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg one hour before their deaths, June 28, 1914

  10. The Path to War • Germany supports Austria • Habsburgs (WHO?) send an ultimatum to Serbia • Austro-Hungarian Empire declares war on Serbia on July 28th • Russia mobilizes in support of Serbia • Germany demands that Russia stands her armies down. • Russia refuses • Germany declares war on Russia on August 1, 1914

  11. The Path to War • (August 2) Germany • declared war on France • demanded Belgium give access to German troops • Belgium denies • (August 4) Great Britain declared war on Germany • for violating Belgian neutrality Perceptions about World War I (at the time)  • Excitement – “defend against aggressors” • Modern warfare would be quick (“Home by Christmas” • War a glorious adventure

  12. Which side should the US pick? US proclaims Neutrality Allies: Central Powers: • Close cultural ties • Shared transatlantic cables (so censored stories) • Big business loaned much $ to allies • 11 million German-Americans • Irish-Americans hated Great Britain US Exports to both sides:

  13. WAR – Schlieffen Plan • Schlieffen Plan – Germany’s military plan to avoid a two front war • Invade France through Belgium (“Knock out blow”) • Defeat France, then concentrate on Eastern Front • Does not account for British mobilizing quickly.

  14. The Battle of the Marne • the Marne dictates the rest of the war • Sept 5-12, 1914 • Ends the German offensive into France • outskirts of Paris. • French stopped the Germans • could not push back • Stalemate • Soldiers dug trenches for shelter • Begins four years of trench warfare on the Western Front

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