Matter and Mineral Review

1. Matter and Mineral Review ASSIGNED SEATS! New unit page-Lithosphere Homework: Read 66-74 (2 sections) Cornell Notes-include key terms and vocabulary List what you know about matter.

2. Matter • Everything in the universe is made of matter! • Solid, liquid, and gas are the three primary states of matter on Earth. • Solid=definite shape and definite volume • Liquid=definite volume, but not definite shape • Gas=neither definite shape nor volume • An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. There are over 100 elements. http://www.ptable.com/# • Each element is an atom. • Atoms are composed of a nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud.

3. Model of an atom

4. Bonding • Atoms (elements) bond to create compounds. • Compounds are substances that consist of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions. • Chemical bonding occurs between electrons-electrons are either gained, lost, or shared. The number of protons remains a constant. • The principle types of chemical bonds are: • Ionic bonds • Covalent bonds • Metallic bonds

5. Types of Bonds • Ionic bonds form between the positive and negative electric charges of atoms. • Atoms become ions when they gain or lose electrons. • NaCl-sodium chloride-table salt http://www.ptable.com/# • Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. • H20-dihydrogen oxide-water • Metallic Bonds form when electrons are shared by metal ions. • The sharing of the electron pool give metals their characteristic properties.

6. Minerals • A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. To be classified as a mineral it must have the following characteristics: • Naturally occurring. • Minerals are formed by natural geologic processes. • Solid substance. • Minerals are solids at normal Earth temperatures. • Orderly crystalline structure. • Atoms are arranged in an orderly and repetitive manner. • Definite chemical composition. • Most minerals are chemical compounds made of two or more elements. • Inorganic • Not composed of carbon.

7. How Minerals Form • There are four major ways that minerals are formed. • Crystallization from magma • Precipitation (solid from a liquid) • When water evaporates, dissolved substances can react to form minerals. • Changed in pressure and temperature • Formation from hydrothermal solutions.

8. Crystallization from Magma • Magma is molten rock. As it cools it elements combine.

9. Mineral Groups-Based on composition • Silicates are formed when silicon and oxygen combine to form a structure called a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. • Carbonates are minerals that contain the elements carbon, oxygen, and one or more metallic elements. Calcite and dolomite.

10. Continue • Oxides are minerals that contain oxygen and one or more other elements, usually metals. Hematite. • Sulfates and Sulfides contain sulfur. Usually formed when mineral-rich water evaporate. Pyrite. • Halides contain an element from the halogen group in the periodic table. • Native elements are minerals in a relatively pure form. Gold.

11. Properties of Minerals • Color-small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors. Sapphires • Streak-the color of the mineral in its powdered form. • Luster-how shiny it is. • Crystal form-a visible expression on a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms. • Hardness. • Cleavage-the tendency of a mineral to break, along, even surfaces. Miccah • Fracture-minerals that do now cleave fracture. Break. • Density.