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CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY. Composition of Matter. Matter - _____________ _______________________ _______________________ Matter is anything that ________________ ________________ ______ – quantity of matter an object has Weight – __________ __________________. Elements.

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CHEMISTRY

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  1. CHEMISTRY

  2. Composition of Matter • Matter - _____________ _______________________ _______________________ • Matter is anything that ________________ ________________ • ______ – quantity of matter an object has • Weight – __________ __________________

  3. Elements • ________________that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter • More than 100 elements (__ naturally occurring, ____ man-made)

  4. 90% of the mass of an organism is composed of 4 elements (______, ________, ________ and _________) • Each element unique chemical ________ • Consisting of __________ • ___ letter is always a _______

  5. Atoms • The ________ particle of an element that retains ____ ____ ___________of that element • Properties of _____ determine the structure and properties of the matter they compose • Our understanding of the structure of atoms based on _________ _______, not observation

  6. The Nucleus • _________ core • Consists of ________ charged ________ and _______ ________ • Positively charged • Contains most of the ______ of the atom

  7. The Protons • ____ ______of a given element have the _____ _________of ________ • Number of _______ called the _______ ________ • The number of protons is balanced by an equal number of _____________ charged ______________

  8. The Neutrons • The number _______ slightly among atoms of the same element • Different number of neutrons produces __________ of the same element

  9. Atomic Mass • Protons & neutrons are found in the ____________ of an atom • Protons and neutrons each have a mass of 1 amu (________ _______ _____) • The ________ _______of an atom is found by adding the number of protons & neutrons in an atom

  10. The Electrons • __________ ________ high energy particles with ____________ or ___ mass • Travel at very high speeds at various distances (________ _______) from the nucleus

  11. Electrons in the same energy level are approximately the same distance from the nucleus • _______ energy levels have _______ energy than _______ levels • Each level can only hold a certain number of electrons

  12. Energy Levels • Atoms have ___ energy levels • The levels are K (closest to the nucleus), L, M, N, O, P, Q (furthest from the nucleus) • The K level can only hold ___ electrons • Levels L – Q can hold up to ____ electrons (_________ _____)

  13. Periodic Table • Elements are arranged by their atomic number on the ________ _______ • The horizontal rows are called ______ & tell the number of ________ ______ • Vertical groups are called ________ & tell the ____________ ________ of electrons

  14. Compounds • Most elements do not exist by themselves • __________ __________ with other elements in a ___________ fashion

  15. A __________ is a pure substance made up of atoms of _____ or ______ elements • The proportion of atoms are _________ ________ • __________ ___________ show the type and proportion of atoms of each element that occur in a particular compound

  16. ____________ are the ________ part of a substance that retains ____ of the properties of the substance and exists in a ______ _________ • Some molecules are ________ and _________

  17. Chemical Formulas • A __________ after a symbol tells the _________ of atoms of each element • H20 has ________ of hydrogen & ________ of oxygen • ____________ before a formula tell the number of molecules • ______represents __ molecules of oxygen or (__ x __) or ___ atoms of oxygen

  18. The ___________ and ____________ properties of a compound _______ from the physical and chemical properties of the individual __________ that compose it

  19. The tendency of elements to combine and form compounds depends on the number and arrangement of electrons in their outermost energy level • ______ are most ________ when their ______________ energy level is _______

  20. Most atoms are ____ stable in their natural state • Tend to _______ (combine) with other atoms in order to become more stable (undergo chemical reactions) • In __________ ____________ bonds are _______; atoms __________ and new chemical bonds are formed that store _______

  21. Covalent Bonds • Formed when two atoms _______ one or more ______ of ___________

  22. Ionic Bonds • Some atoms become stable by ________ or __________ ____________ • Atoms that ______ electrons are called ______________ _______ (__________)

  23. Atoms that ______ electrons are called ____________ _______ (_________) • Because positive and negative electrical charges _______ each other ionic bonds form

  24. Energy and Matter • Energy • The ___________________ ___________ or ______ change • Occurs in various forms • Can be __________ to another form • Forms important to biological systems are _________, ________, ____________ and _____________ energy • ________________is the energy in a system that is available for work

  25. States of Matter • Atoms are in _____________ _________ • The rate at which atoms or molecules in a substance move determines its _______

  26. Solid • Molecules tightly linked together in a ____________ _________ • Vibrate in place • ________ __________ and ________

  27. Liquids • Molecules not as tightly _______ as a solid • Maintain _________ _________ • Able to ______ and ______ the ________ of container that they are in

  28. Gas • Molecules have ______ or ___ __________ to each other • ______ ___ ________of the occupied container • Move most _________ • To cause a substance to change state, ________ energy (_____) must be added to or removed

  29. Energy and Chemical Reactions • Living things undergo ___________ of _________ ___________ as part of the life process

  30. Many are very complex involving _________ sequences called _______________________ • __________ ____________ represent chemical reactions • __________ are shown on the ______ side of the equation • _________ are shown on the ________ side

  31. The number of each kind of atom must be the _____on either side of the arrow (equation must be _________) • _______ may be broken or made forming new compounds

  32. Energy Transfer • Much of the energy organisms need is provided by ______ (_____) • Undergoes a series of chemical reactions in which energy is released (___________________) • The net ________ of free energy is called an __________ (__________) reaction

  33. Reactions that involve a net __________ of free energy are called __________ (____________) reactions • ____________ is an example • Most reactions in living organisms are ___________; therefore living organisms require a constant source of __________

  34. Most chemical reactions require ________ to begin • The amount of energy needed to _____ the reaction is called ______________ _________

  35. Certain chemical substances (___________)reduce the amount of activation energy required • ______________________ are called ___________

  36. ________ are an important class of catalysts in living organisms • Mostly _________ • ___________ of different kinds • Each one is _________ for a different chemical reaction

  37. Enzyme Structure • Enzymes work on substances called ____________ • Substrates must fit into a place on an enzyme called the ________________ • Enzymes are ______________!!

  38. Reduction-Oxidation Reactions • Many of the chemical reactions that help transfer energy in living organisms involve the transfer of ___________ (reduction-oxidation = _______ reactions)

  39. ____________________– reactant loses electron(s) becoming more positive

  40. ________________– reactant gains electron(s) becoming more negative

  41. Solutions

  42. Solutions • A ___________ is a mixture in which 2 or more substances are _____________ _____________ in another substance

  43. ___________ is the substance __________ in the solution • Particles may be ions, atoms, or molecules • __________ is the substance in which the ________ is _________ • ________ is the ____________ ___________

  44. Solutions can be composed of varying proportions of a given solute in a given solvent --- vary in ____________(measurement of the amount of solute) • A ___________ solution is one in which ___ _____ __________can be dissolved • ______________ _________(______) are universally important to living things

  45. ____________ of water • _________ _______ of the water molecule into two _____ of opposite charge (due to strong attraction of oxygen atom of one molecule for H atom of another water molecule) • H2O  ___ (_______ ___) + ____ (_________ ____) • H+ +H2O _______ (______________ ____)

  46. Acids and Bases • One of the most important aspects of a living system is the degree of ________ or ___________

  47. Acids • Number of __________ ____ in solutions is ________ than the number of ____________ ___ • HCl  H+ + Cl-

  48. Bases • Number of __________ ____ in solution is _________ than the number of ____________ ____ • NaOH  Na+ + OH-

  49. pH Scale • __________ ________ comparing the relative concentrations of __________ and __________ ions in a solution • ranges from __ - ___ • Each pH is 10X stronger than next • e.g. ph 1 is 10 times stronger than ph 2

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