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Understanding Nationalism

Understanding Nationalism. Dr. Krisztina Lajosi k.k.lajosi@uva.nl @KrisztinaLajosi. Nations, states, peoples, identities, citizenship. Multiple national identities and citizenships. Discussion points. 1. What is nationalism? 2. Historical emergence of nationalism (studies)

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Understanding Nationalism

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  1. Understanding Nationalism Dr. Krisztina Lajosi k.k.lajosi@uva.nl @KrisztinaLajosi

  2. Nations, states, peoples, identities, citizenship

  3. Multiple national identities and citizenships

  4. Discussion points 1. What is nationalism? 2. Historical emergence of nationalism (studies) 3. Various types of (approaches to) nationalism 4. National consciousness, national identity 5. Nationalism vs. patriotism 6. Nationalism today

  5. What is nationalism? • “Nationalism is a doctrine invented in Europe at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It pretends to supply a criterion for the determination of the unit of population proper to enjoy a government exclusively its own.” (Elie Kedourie: Nationalism, 1960) • “Nationalism is primarily a political principle, which holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent.” (Ernest Gellner: Nations and Nationalism, 1983) • The nation “is an imagined political community – and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign.” (Benedict Anderson: Imagined Communities, 1983) • “The national phenomenon cannot be adequately investigated without careful attention to the ‘invention of tradition’.” (Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger: The Invention of Tradition, 1983) • “Nationalism, far from being an intermittent mood in established nations, is the endemic condition.” (Michael Billig: Banal Nationalism, 1995)

  6. Father figures of nationalism studies Elie Kedourie (1926-1992) Ernest Gellner (1925-1995) Benedict Anderson (1936-2015) Eric Hobsbawm (1917-2012)

  7. Non-European Nationalism Scholars Nira Yuval-Davis (1943) • gender and nationhood ParthaChattarjee(1947) - (de)colonization and nationalism

  8. Nationalism studies vs. Methodological nationalism

  9. Two opposing approaches to nationalism/nationhood

  10. Major paradigms of nationalism Primordialism - an essentialist way of looking at nations, based on: A. a sociobiological approach and B. culturalrootedness • claims that nationality is a natural feature of humans (like smell, sight, or language) and has existed since the beginning of time; • has gained a negative reputation (fixity, essentialism, finalism). Perennialism- nations (at least some nations) have always existed, but have changed throughout history; • nations are not considered as natural, organic, or primordial; • emphasis on continuity. Modernism - nations are the result of processes of modernization and industrialization, urbanization, and capitalism; - there is nothing inherently natural or essential about nations; - Gellner, Anderson, and Hobsbawm are all “modernists.”

  11. Nationalism claims that … • nations are natural and universal • nations are perennial (enduring and continually recurring) • every nation should have its own state • nations are sovereign • national boundaries and political/territorial borders should be congruent • loyalty to the nation comes first

  12. Nationalists aim to establish …

  13. How old are the European nations?https://youtu.be/YN0pGphqRS0?t=62

  14. Conceptual confusions

  15. What is a nation? • a nation is a community of people with a common culture (and usually language), sharing a sense of collective identity and belonging, and pursuing political self-determination (but not necessarily statehood) and autonomy within a certain territory. • a nation is bigger than an ethnic group, and is usually the result of a fusion of various cultural communities (ethnic groups, language communities, tribes) who share a will to have a common culture and political future together.

  16. Ethnic groups or ethnies Ethnic groups have • a common proper name to identify the group; • a myth of common ancestry and kinship; • shared historical memories; shared memories of a common past including heroes, important events, etc.; • one or more elements of common culture including a common language, religion, customs, etc.; • a link with a real or mythical land, a symbolic attachment to a homeland or ancestral land; and • a sense of belonging to the same community and solidarity towards the other members of the same group. (John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, Ethnicity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, 6-7.)

  17. Nation vs. State

  18. Not all nations have their own state

  19. Multiethnic states and nations

  20. From nationality to nation-state

  21. Two main types of nationalisms: ethnic & civic

  22. Cultural homogeneity

  23. Civic and ethnic nationalism are often intertwined

  24. National consciousness / National identity

  25. Identity construction by othering

  26. nationalism /patriotism / populism Nationalism –» loyalty to and love of the nation / the national community; positive feelings towards the nation; competitive in nature; (“My nation first.”) Patriotism –» loyalty to the country; territorial loyalty; positive feelings toward the country; not necessarily competitive; Populism –» loyalty to the people; “the pure people” vs. “corrupt elite”; politics should represent “the will of the people” (Mudde and Kaltwasser: Populism, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2017); • Patriotism and nationalism – share the same logic, motivation, and symbolism; • Populism can be nationalist, but not necessarily; nationalism can be populist, but also not necessarily, since nationalism can also be élite-driven and élite-focused;

  27. Nationalism today Revolves around the issues of: • Sovereignty • Solidarity • Sustainability • Migration • Globalization • Economy • Welfare state • Sub-state nationalism Image by Paresh Nath, The Khaleej Times, UAE

  28. Beyond the Fringe (1961) – from 5’14 min to 6’08“Commentary on America – What is America?”https://youtu.be/CXLGVDOd7yk?t=314

  29. Sources of the images: Slide 1 - https://www.wur.nl/en/activity/SG-Nationalisms-Comeback-Understanding-Nationalism.htm Slide 4 - http://martinkramer.org/sandbox/reader/archives/elie-kedourie/ and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Gellner and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Anderson and https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/eric-hobsbawm-marxist-history-ramachandra-guha Slide 5 - https://theconversation.com/profiles/nira-yuval-davis-302905 and https://cgt.columbia.edu/about/people/committee-faculty/partha-chatterjee/ Slide 8 - https://youtu.be/YN0pGphqRS0?t=62 Slide 9 – http://www.geoatlas.com/en/maps/flags-8/flags-of-europe-5004 Slide 10 - https://www.wincodev.com/edu-course/pitch-a-linternational/ Slide 18 - https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=atan56 Slide 19 - http://renoirclioblog.over-blog.com/article-carnavalet-fait-sa-revolution-37689937.html and https://abp.bzh/apres-l-integration-l-assimilation-et-apres-l-assimilation-la-destruction-36987 Slide 23 - http://www.caglecartoons.com/viewimage.asp?ID={12E790B9-81C0-4810-88AF-A4FDD0B33D09} Slide 24 - https://youtu.be/CXLGVDOd7yk?t=314

  30. THANK YOU! Any questions?

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