Revolutions 12/14/09 students.resa/milewski

1. Revolutions 12/14/09http://students.resa.net/milewski • OBJECTIVE: Examine “Matter of Fact”. • I. Administrative Stuff -attendance • II. The Day the Universe Changed -questions on episode#4 “Matter of Fact” • III. Homework due Friday 12/18/09 1.) Read Ch#15 sec#1 p.372-378 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.378 2.) Read Ch#15 sec#3 p.382-386 - Answer questions (1-7)* p.386 *Pick 4 questions of your choice • IV. Return of Chapter#14 Test

2. Revolutions 12/15/09http://students.resa.net/milewski • OBJECTIVE: Examine the Voyages of Discovery. • I. Journal#7 pt.A -Examine the Picture on p.375 -Answer the caption question on p.375 • II. Journal#7 pt.B -notes on explorers • III. Homework due Friday 12/18/09 1.) Read Ch#15 sec#1 p.372-378 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.378 2.) Read Ch#15 sec#3 p.382-386 - Answer questions (1-7)* p.386 *Pick 4 questions of your choice

3. Why Portugal is First • They were the first united modern day nation in Europe. • In the early 1400s they were strong & stable enough to expand into Muslim N. Africa. • Boundaries have been the same since 1492. http://hotel-navigator.com/portuempireredorg1.gif

4. Prince Henry • Known as Henry the Navigator, heard tales of a mysterious very rich Christian Africa. • He hoped to form an alliance against the Muslims and gain access to African gold. • They set out along the West African Coast and slowly began to travel further and further south. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/837/5111817.JPG

5. Prester John • From Wikipedia: The legends of Prester John (also Presbyter John), popular in Europe from the 12th through the 17th centuries, told of a Christianpatriarch and king said to rule over a Christian nation lost amidst the Muslims and pagans in the Orient. Written accounts of this kingdom are variegated collections of medieval popular fantasy. Reportedly a descendant of one of the Three Magi, Prester John was said to be a generous ruler and a virtuous man, presiding over a realm full of riches and strange creatures, in which the Patriarch of Saint Thomas resided. His kingdom contained such marvels as the Gates of Alexander and the Fountain of Youth, and even bordered the Earthly Paradise. Among his treasures was a mirror through which every province could be seen, the fabled original from which derived the "speculum literature" of the late Middle Ages and Renaissance, in which the prince's realms were surveyed and his duties laid out.[1] • At first, Prester John was imagined to be in India; tales of the "Nestorian" Christians' evangelistic success there and of Thomas the Apostle's subcontinental travels as documented in works like the Acts of Thomas probably provided the first seeds of the legend. After the coming of the Mongols to the Western world, accounts placed the king in Central Asia, and eventually Portuguese explorers convinced themselves they had found him in Ethiopia. Prester John's kingdom was the object of a quest, firing the imaginations of generations of adventurers, but remaining out of reach. He was a symbol to European Christians of the Church's universality, transcending culture and geography to encompass all humanity, in a time when ethnic and interreligious tension made such a vision seem distant. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Prester_John.jpg

6. Bartholomeu Dias • In 1488 he was blown off course in a violent storm. • He because the first European to round the horn of Africa. • The place was named the Cape of Good Hope. • This opened the sea route to Asia. http://library.thinkquest.org/C004237/english/diaz.jpg

7. Vasco da Gama • In 1497, he led four ships around the Cape of Good Hope & explored the East coast of Africa. • Along the way they picked up an Indian pilot who led them across the Indian Ocean to the rich spice port of Calicut. • The 10 month voyage was costly. -half the ships were lost -many sailor died of hunger, thirst, and scurvy (lack of vitamin C) http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/upload/img_400/BHC2702.JPG

8. The Return to Portugal • While in Calicut he bought spices and when back in Portugal he sold them making a profit of 3000%! • He quickly outfitted a new fleet and went back. • He forced a treaty of friendship with the Hindu ruler & left Portuguese merchants there to buy spices when prices were low & store them until the fleet returned. http://www.marinacivil.com/images/articulos/VASCO%20DE%20GAMA.bmp

9. Spain • Seeing their neighbor getting rich from trade, Spain wanted in on the action. • Christopher Columbus, an Italian, sought backing for his plan to go to the Indies by going west from Portugal beginning in the 1480s. • In 1492 he convinced Ferdinand & Isabella to finance his voyage. http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=82501&rendTypeId=4

10. Columbus’ Four Trips to the Indies http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Christopher_Columbus_voyages.gif/800px-Christopher_Columbus_voyages.gif

11. Christopher Columbus • He made a few mistakes. • 1.) He greatly underestimated the size of the Earth • 2.) He had no idea that there were two continents in the way. http://www.chocolate.org/christopher-columbus.jpg

12. Christopher Columbus • He set sail August 3, 1492 with 3 ships: Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria. • He carried a letter to the ruler of China and an interpreter who spoke Arabic. • On October 12th land was sighted. • They were probably in the Bahamas. • They spent several months exploring the islands of the Caribbean & looking for China & Japan. • He thought he was in the East Indies* so he called the people Indians. • He returned to the “East Indies” three more times.

13. Amerigo Vespucci • From Wikipedia: He played a senior role in two voyages which explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502. • On the second of these voyages he discovered that South America extended much further south than before known by the Europeans. • This convinced him that this land was part of a new continent, a bold contention at a time when other European explorers crossing the Atlantic thought they were reaching Asia • In 1507, Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the new continent "America" after Vespucci's first name, Amerigo. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Amerigo_Vespucci01.jpg

14. Line of Demarcation • Spain & Portugal both claimed rights to the lands Columbus explored. • In 1493, Pope Alexander VI stepped into keep the peace. • Spain had the right to non-European lands west of the line Portugal to the east. • The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 moved the line. http://demo.lutherproductions.com/historytutor/basic/medieval/story/images/Dividing_New_World.jpg

15. Revolutions 12/16/09http://students.resa.net/milewski • OBJECTIVE: Examine the Voyages of Discovery. • I. Journal#8 pt.A -Examine the Map on p.376-377 -Answer questions (1-3) p.377 • II. Journal#8 pt.B -notes on explorers • III. Homework due Friday! 1.) Read Ch#15 sec#1 p.372-378 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.378 2.) Read Ch#15 sec#3 p.382-386 - Answer questions (1-7)* p.386 *Pick 4 questions of your choice

16. Ferdinand Magellan • He led an expedition to find El Paso (not the city in Texas) but the fabled passage through the Americas to the Indies. • He was Portuguese, but he was financed by the King of Spain. • He took 5 ships & two years worth of supplies. • He left on Sept. 20, 1519. • During the trip he was faced with storms, mutiny, and scurvy. http://217.207.178.138/cgi-bin/bridgemanImage.cgi/600.XIR.4063610.7055475/160425.JPG

17. Ferdinand Magellan • Sept 20, 1519 left Spain • November 1520 crossed at Strait of Magellan into Pacific Ocean • March 1521 anchored in the Philippines. • April 27, 1521 Magellan killed • Sept 8, 1522 eighteen half dead sailors aboard one ship returned to Spain. http://www.mrnussbaum.com/magellanmap.gif

18. English, Dutch, & French • Spain & Portugal had divided the world among themselves, other Europeans wanted in on the action. • The Dutch, English, & French looked for the fabled Northwest passage. http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=64945&rendTypeId=4

19. Europeans in India • The first Europeans to reach India were Portuguese merchants in the late 1400’s • The Dutch, French, and British traders soon followed. • The powerful Mughal emperors kept tight control over the Europeans, but as the empire declined the Europeans turned to conquest.

20. The struggle for power • With huge profits at stake, the European powers fought for control of India as Mughal power declined. • In the 1600’s the Dutch broke the Portuguese 100 year trade monopoly. • The British East India Company, establish in 1600 wound up taking over the subcontinent through the use of clever diplomacy and military defeat of the French.

21. British East India Company Rule in India • Robert Clive- led British forces in a drive that successfully defeated the French. • He appointed local rulers that favored the interests of the company. • He encouraged disunity between Hindus & Muslims which kept local rulers from uniting against British rule. • In 1858 Indian became a colony of Great Britain. http://www3.shropshire-cc.gov.uk/roots/images/lyd_a02a.jpg

22. Revolutions 12/17/09http://students.resa.net/milewski • OBJECTIVE: Examine the voyages of the Dutch. • I. Journal#9 pt.A -Examine the Map on p.384 -Answer questions (1-3) p.384 • II. Journal#9 pt.B -notes on the Dutch • III. Explorer Video • IV. Homework due tomorrow! 1.) Read Ch#15 sec#1 p.372-378 -Answer questions (1-6)* p.378 2.) Read Ch#15 sec#3 p.382-386 - Answer questions (1-7)* p.386 *Pick 4 questions of your choice

23. The Dutch • They (the Netherlands) were the first Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination of Asia. • Through royal marriages it fell under Spanish rule in the early 1500s. • Later Protestant northern provinces won independence. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nl.html

24. Sea Power • In 1599 a Dutch fleet returned home from Asia with pepper & cloves. • Investors received over 100% profit. • They charted routes that bypassed Portuguese routes. http://www.downrightart.com/portfolio/DutchMastersFxCr.jpg

25. Dutch Masters http://tesla.liketelevision.com/liketelevision/images/lowrez/dutchmaster.jpg

26. Cape Town • At the southwestern tip of Africa the Dutch built the Cape Town settlements where they could repair & resupply their ships. • In 1602 the Dutch East India Company was formed by wealthy Dutch merchants. http://www.safarinow.com/destinations/Cape-Town/cape-town-map.gif

27. Dutch East India Company • In 1641 the captured Malacca from the Portuguese & opened trade with China • They were able to enforce a monopoly of the Spice Islands & controlled trade with Europe & much of Southeast Asia. • They used military force to further their trade goals. http://www.leejacksonmaps.com/berteind.htm

28. Dutch Force • They also forged closer relationships with local rulers. • Many merchants married Asian women. • Trade brought the Dutch enormous wealth & Amsterdam prospered. • In the next century, the British & French contributed to a decline in Dutch wealth & power. http://www.helmink.com/voc1.jpg

29. Spain • Magellan claimed the Philippines for Spain in 1521. • Within 50 years they had conquered & colonized the archipelago & named it after the King, Phillip II. • The Spanish converted the people to Christianity (Catholic) and became key to the wealth of the empire. http://www.solarnavigator.net/geography/geography_images/Philippines_physical_map.jpg

30. Trade Routes

31. Spanish Trade Routes • The Spanish took silver mined in Mexico & Peru and sent it to the Philippines. • From there they used it to buy stuff from China. http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/grimsley1/dialogue/postcolonialism/globalism/reorient_global_trade_routes_1400_1800.jpg

32. Conquest in the Americas • Spain & Portugal competed for power in central & south America. • France, England, and the Dutch in North America (Spain too) http://web.olivet.edu/history/pics/576px-Cortes_in_Veracruz.jpg

33. Revolutions 12/18/09 http://students.resa.net/milewski • OBJECTIVE: Examination of The History of Christmas. • I. Administrative Stuff -attendance -distribution questions • II. Film: Christmas Unwrapped -questions on film about the History of Christmas