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Cell Introduction

Cell Introduction. Prokaryotic Cell: A cell that is lacking a nucleus and most organelles Eukaryotic Cell: A cell that contains a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. Organelles: “mini-organ” part of the cell with a specific job. Cell Introduction.

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Cell Introduction

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  1. Cell Introduction • Prokaryotic Cell: A cell that is lacking a nucleus and most organelles • Eukaryotic Cell: A cell that contains a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. • Organelles: “mini-organ” part of the cell with a specific job.

  2. Cell Introduction • Prokaryotic Cell: A cell that is lacking a nucleus and most organelles • Eukaryotic Cell: A cell that contains a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. • Organelles: “mini-organ” part of the cell with a specific job.

  3. Prokaryotic Cells • A cell that lacks a nucleus • Still has Genetic information (DNA) just not contained in the nucleus • Bacteria and archaeaare two types of prokaryotic cells • These appear to be the earliest organisms on earth.

  4. Eukaryotic Cells • A cell with a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles. • Genetic material is contained in the nucleus • These are broken up into Plant cells and Animal cells

  5. Eukaryotic Cells • A cell with a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles. • Genetic material is contained in the nucleus • These are broken up into Plant cells and Animal cells

  6. Two Basic types Cell membrane cytoplasm Prokaryote Cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus Eukaryote Cell organelles

  7. Compare and Contrast Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Ribosomes Cell wall

  8. Animal cell -Eukaryote

  9. Plant cell - Eukaryote

  10. Cell Theory • The generalization that all living things are composed of cells and are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. • All cells come from existing cells

  11. Cell Organelles Organelle: “Mini” organ

  12. Nucleus • A large organelle that contains the cells genetic material (DNA) • The “brain” of the cell • Nuclear Envelope: a pair of membranes that surrounds the nucleus • Nuclear pores: Holes or pores in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to leave the nucleus.

  13. Nucleus Chromatin Two membranes of nuclear envelope Nucleolus Pore Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes

  14. Ribosome • A small organelle used to change DNA into proteins • The “assembly line” of the cell • Made up of proteins and nucleic acids • Ribosomes are found on the outside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and others are found floating in the cell.

  15. Ribosome Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes

  16. Endoplasmic Reticulum • An extensive network of membranes that builds cell materials • Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum • Rough E.R. • Has Ribosomes attached to the outside of the membrane • Creates proteins • Smooth E.R • Does not have Ribosomes attached to the membrane • Creates enzymes and lipids

  17. Transport vesicle buds off Secretary (glyco-) protein inside trans- port vesicle Ribosome Sugar chain Glycoprotein Polypeptide Rough ER

  18. Golgi Apparatus • An organelle made up of a series of membrane sacs • Makes changes and directs the materials created by the E.R. • Like a shipping store that packs, directs, and ships materials.

  19. “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from the Golgi

  20. Rough ER Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Plasma membrane Golgi apparatus Engulfment of particle Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle “Food” Lysosomes Food vacuole Digestion

  21. Vacuole • A large membrane bound sack found inside of the cell • Contractile Vacuole: Used to pump out excess water in cells • Central Vacuole: Stores chemicals and helps plant growth.

  22. Nucleus Chloroplast Central vacuole Nucleus Colorized TEM 8,700  LM 650  Contractile vacuoles

  23. Lysosomes • Membrane bound sack that contains digestive enzymes • Lysosomes are used to break down macromolecules • Break down incoming food • Destroy harmful bacteria • Recycle damaged organelles

  24. Chloroplast • A photosynthetic organelle found in plant cells • Converts sunlight and CO2 into sugar and oxygen Stroma Chloroplast Inner and outer membranes Granum TEM 9,750 Intermembrane space

  25. Mitochondria Mitochondrion • The organelle that creates energy for cells • Uses food to create chemical energy (ATP) • Found in plant and animal cells • Creation of energy happens on the membranes inside of the mitochondria Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Cristae TEM 44,880 Matrix

  26. Cytoplasm • The entire region between the nucleus and plasma membrane • A fluid filled space

  27. Flagella and Cilia • Flagella: a long, thin, whip-like structure • Created with microtubules that allow a cell to move • Cilia: smaller, and more numerous hair-like structures • Created with bundles of microtubules

  28. Flagellum Electron micrographs of cross sections: Outer microtubule doublet Central microtubules TEM 206,500 Radial spoke Dynein arms Flagellum Plasma membrane TEM 206,500 Basal body (structurally identical to centriole) Basal body

  29. Plasma Membrane • A thin outer layer of a cell • Regulates the flow of molecules into and out of the cell • Made up of a Phospholipid bilayer with membrane proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates embedded.

  30. Cytoskeleton • A network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm • Microtubules: Straight hollow tubes used for rigidity and shape

  31. Flagellum Electron micrographs of cross sections: Outer microtubule doublet Central microtubules TEM 206,500 Radial spoke Dynein arms Flagellum Plasma membrane TEM 206,500 Basal body (structurally identical to centriole) Basal body

  32. Cell Wall • A strong layer outside of the plasma membrane, used to maintain shape in plant cells • Cell wall is found only in certain bacteria and plant cells.

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