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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS. THE PHILIPPINES. PART 2: TYPHOONS, FLOODS, AND LANDSLIDES. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA . NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE THE PHILIPPINES’ COMMUNITIES AT RISK. EARTHQUAKES. GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE.
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS. THE PHILIPPINES.PART 2: TYPHOONS, FLOODS, AND LANDSLIDES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE THE PHILIPPINES’ COMMUNITIES AT RISK EARTHQUAKES GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE TYPHOONS FLOODS ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE LANDSLIDES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
TYPHOONS THE PHILIPPINES IS AT RISK EVERY YEAR FROM TROPICAL STORMS AND TYPHOONS FORMING IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN, ESPECIALLY IF THEY CAUSE DEVASTATING FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES AFTER LANDFALL
TYPHOON HAZARDS • BLDG. INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EARLY WARNING • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY and • RECONSTRUCTION TYPHOON RISK POLICY OPTIONS ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: TYPHOON DISASTER RESILIENCE THE PHILPPINES’ COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
HAZARDS OF A SEVERE WINDSTORM (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • WIND FIELD [CAT 1 (55 mph) TO CAT 5+ (155 mph or greater)] • DEBRIS • STORM SURGE/FLOODS • HEAVY PRECIPITATION/FLOODS • LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS) • COSTAL EROSION
CAUSES OF DAMAGE WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS STORM SURGE TYPHOONS IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN “DISASTER LABORATORIES” SITING PROBLEMS FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL TYPHOONS • WITHOUT ADEQUATE PROTECTION, HIGH VELOCITY WIND WILL LIFT THE ROOF OFF OF NON-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS.
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL TYPHOONS. • DISASTER-INTELLIGENT COMMUNITIES USE TIMELYEARLY WARNING BASED ON CRITICAL INFORM-ATION TO EVACUATE PEOPLE AND PREPARE.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL TYPHOONS • CAPACITY FOR INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
“THE WORST” (in terms of deaths) Tropical storm Uring, November 2- 7, 1991, killed 3,000 – 8,000, mainly in Ormoc City.
“THE MOST COSTLY” Super Typhoon Reming, November 10- 14, 1990, caused economic losses of 10, 840 billion pesos
TYPHOON YUNYA • Yunya would normally have been uneventful, but the day it hit Luzon, was the same day the eruption of Mount Pinatubo took place. • Pinatubo’s ash cloud, that normally would have been dispersed across the ocean, was redistributed over Luzon by Yunya’s winds, greatly exacerbating the damage caused by the eruption.
TYPHOON YUNYA • The water-laden ash fell over the evacuated Clark Air Force Base, as well as the rest of Luzon, resulting in downed power lines and the collapse of flat-roofed buildings. • In some areas, it was practically raining mud.
2011THE PHILIPPINES WAS HIT BY 19 TROPICAL STORMS AND TYPHOONS
FLASH FLOODS SPAWNED BY TROPICAL STORM WASHI KILLED OVER 652 IN THE PHILIPPINESSATURDAY, DECEMBER 17, 2011
AFTER MAKING LANDFALL ON FRIDAY, TROPICAL STORM WASHI DUMPED MORE THAN A MONTH’S RAIN (200 MM) IN 10 HOURS ON MINDANAO, WHICH WAS NOT (AND USUALLY IS NOT) IN THE PATH OF THE PREVIOUS TROPICAL STORMS AND TYPHOONS OF 2011
THE FLASH FLOODING AND MUDFLOWS, WHICH WERE TRIGGERED BY TROPICAL STORM WASHI, HAPPENED AT 2:30 AM WHILE THE VICTIMS, MOSTLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN, WERE ASLEEP
ONE-FOURTH OF THE CITY OF ILIGAN WAS INUNDATED IN ITS WORST FLOOD EVER
CAUSES OF RISK LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER FLOODS WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) CASE HISTORIES EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
OTHERS ATTENDING EARLY MORNING CHRISTMAS MASSES WERE SURPRISED BY THE FLASH FLOODING
THE CITY OF CAGAYAN DE ORO IN THE NORTHERN ISLAND OF MINDANAO WAS INUNDATED BY THE FLASH FLOODS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS LANDSLIDES SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS CASE HISTORIES PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
THE PHILIPPINE RED CROSS LED THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE EFFORTS PROVIDING FOOD, WATER, AND RELIEF SUPPLIES
20,000 SOLDIERS DEPLOYED TO HELP IN SEARCH AND RESCUE EFFORTS FOUND BODIES EVERYWHERE: IN HOMES, IN THE STREETS, IN RIVERS, AND OFFSHORE
PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND HEALTH CARE FACILITIES WERE OVERWHELMED WITH THE NUMBER OF THE DEAD—ESTIMATED AT NEARLY 1,000
LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE • ALL NATURAL HAZARDS • CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTIONIS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE FACILITATES RECOVERY • THE USA, A LONG-TERM ALLY, PLEDGED IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE OF ALL KINDS • THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT PLEDGED FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
THE FORECAST FOR THE 2012 PACIFIC TYPHOON SEASON • An above average season was forecast in expectation of El Nino’s impacts in the Pacific with significant impacts, as usual, in the Philippines, China, and Japan.
DOKSURI IMPACTED THE PHILIPPINES, TAIWAN, AND CHINA • Over $54 million in wind and water damage.
TYPHOON BOPHA • Bopha, the most powerful typhoon to hit Mindanao in decades, had top winds of 175 kph (110 mph) as it came ashore over the city of Baganga. • Bopha destroyed buildings, triggered flooding and landslides, and killed at least 95 people.
TYPHOON BOPHA • Millions of people living in remote and unprepared communities, were in Bopha’s path.
A landslide in eastern Mindanao blocked a national highway, leaving hundreds of people in buses, vans and cars stuck on the road.
RISK ASSESSMENT • VULNERABILITY • EXPOSURE • EVENT • COST • BENEFIT TYPHOONS EXPECTED LOSS POLICY ADOPTION • CONSEQUENCES POLICY ASSESSMENT TOWARDS TYPHOON DISASTER RESILIENCE
