Energy in Living Systems: Chemical Bonds, Metabolism, and Energy Transfer

1. Section 1: Energy in Living Systems Preview • Bellringer • Key Ideas • Chemical Energy • Metabolism and the Carbon Cycle • Transferring Energy • Summary

2. Key Ideas • What type of energy is used in cells, and what is the ultimate source of this energy? • How is an organism’s metabolism related to the carbon cycle? • How is energy released in a cell?

3. Chemical Energy • Organisms require a constant source of energy. Energy is needed for organisms to maintain their homeostasis. • Homeostasis is the process of maintaining internal order and balance even when the environment changes. • Organisms use and store energy in the chemical bonds of organic compounds. Almost all of the energy in organic compounds comes from the sun.

4. Chemical Energy, continued • Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. • Organisms that are able to perform photosynthesis, such as plants, are autotrophs. • Autotrophs make organic compounds that serve as food for them and for almost all of the other organisms on Earth,

5. Visual Concept: Photosynthesis

6. Chemical Energy, continued • Organisms that cannot make their own food must absorb food molecules made by autotrophs, eat autotrophs, or eat organisms that consume autotrophs. • Food molecules that are made or consumed by an organism are the fuel for its cells. • Cells use these molecules to release the energy stored in the molecules’ bonds. The energy is used to carry out life processes.

7. Visual Concept: Cellular Respiration Click above to play the video.

8. Metabolism and the Carbon Cycle • Metabolism involves either using energy to build organic molecules or breaking down organic molecules in which energy is stored. • Organic molecules contain carbon. Therefore, an organism’s metabolism is part of Earth’s carbon cycle. • Energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy in chloroplasts.

9. Metabolism and the Carbon Cycle, continued • Organisms extract energy in glucose molecules. • Through the process of cellular respiration, cells make the carbon in glucose into stable carbon dioxide molecules and produce energy. • Energy is also released and used to make ATP (adenosine triphospate), an organic molecule that is the main energy source for cell processes.

10. Photosynthesis and Respiration • Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce carbohydrates (sugars and starches) and oxygen. • In chloroplast • Cellular respiration uses carbohydrates and oxygen to produce energy, CO2 and H2O. • In mitochondria

11. Visual Concept: Linking Photosynthesis and Respiration

12. Transferring Energy • In chemical reactions, energy can be absorbed and released during the breaking and forming of bonds. • In cells, chemical energy is gradually released in a series of chemical reactions that are assisted by enzymes. • Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.

13. Transferring Energy, continued ATP • When cells break down food molecules, some of the molecules is released as heat. Much of the remaining energy to make ATP. • ATP is a portable form of energy “currency” inside cells. • ATP is a nucleotide made up of a chain of three phosphate groups. When the bond of the third phosphate group is broken, energy is released, producing ADP.

14. ATP Releases Energy

15. Visual Concept: Comparing ATP and ADP Click above to play the video.

16. Transferring Energy, continued • In many cells, ATP synthase recycles ADP by bonding a third phosphate group to the molecule to form ATP. • ATP synthase acts as both an enzyme and a carrier protein for hydrogen ions.

17. Transferring Energy, continued • The flow of H+ ions through ATP synthase powers the production of ATP. • In chloroplasts and mitochondria, a series of molecules, called an electron transport chain, pump H+ ions across the membrane to create a concentration gradient. • The electron transport chain uses energy from released from electron carriers, such as NADH and NADPH, to pump hydrogen ions.

18. Electron carriers

19. Summary • Organisms use and store energy in the chemical bonds of organic molecules. • Metabolism involves either using energy to build organic molecules or breaking down organic molecules in which energy is stored. Organic molecules contain carbon. Therefore, an organism’s metabolism is part of Earth’s carbon cycle. • In cells, chemical energy is gradually released in a series of chemical reactions that are assisted by enzymes.