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Access to Condoms in High Schools: Promoting Safe Sex

This persuasive argument advocates for making condoms available to high school students to promote safe sex and prevent unwanted pregnancies and STDs. The paper includes an introduction, three supporting paragraphs, and a conclusion that emphasizes the importance of the writer's position.

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Access to Condoms in High Schools: Promoting Safe Sex

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  1. Persuasive Argument: Condoms Should Be Made Available to High School Students • Directions: Write a 5 paragraph persuasive argument concerning the above statement. All papers must include an introduction, 3 separate paragraphs that support/prove your point, and a conclusion that leaves the reader with a solid understanding of the writer’s position.

  2. Pro Choice or Pro Life • Where do you stand? • How significant is your agreement/position with the philosophy chosen in number one? - 40 (pro-choice) ---- (pro-life) + 40

  3. Key • Strongly Agree • Agree • Mixed Feelings • Disagree • Strongly Disagree

  4. BMI • What is the correlation between contraception and body mass index (BMI)?

  5. Roe v. Wade • In the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a woman, in consultation with her physician, has a constitutional right to choose abortion in the early stages of pregnancy-that is, before viability (24 weeks).

  6. Abortion Control Act • In 1982, Pennsylvania passed the Abortion Control Act. This Act required women to give: 1. Informed consent before abortions could be performed. 2. Imposed a 24-hour waiting period upon women seeking abortions, during which time the women would be provided with information regarding abortions.

  7. Abortion Control Act 3. The act also provided that minors seeking abortions first obtain informed consent from their parents, except in cases of "hardship," in which a court could waive this requirement. 4. Except in "medical emergencies," a wife seeking an abortion must inform her husband of her plans prior to the procedure.

  8. Abortion Control Act 5. Finally, the act required that all Pennsylvania abortion clinics report themselves to the state.

  9. Planned Parenthood v. Casey In 1992, Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania filed a lawsuit against the state, arguing that the Abortion Control Act violated the Supreme Court's ruling in Roe v. Wade. The Court upheld Roe v. Wade and a woman’s basic right to abortion.

  10. New Jersey Law • No parental involvement • No parental notification • No waiting period • Age requirement:13 years and older

  11. Medical Abortion • Abortion Pill (Medicines) that end an early pregnancy • 63 days or 9 weeks (Trimester #1) • Cost: $300.00-$800.00 • 97 % effective • In the case that the medical abortion does not work an in-clinic abortion is required

  12. Medical Abortion: Step 1 • RU-486 name under development • Mifepristone (1st pill) will be taken at a clinic as well as other antibiotics • Inhibits progesterone, which breaks down the uterine lining

  13. Medical Abortion: Step 2 Misoprostol (2nd by mouth or vaginal suppository) • Promotes uterine contractions • Will cause you to have cramps and bleed heavy • May see large blood clots or tissue at the time of the abortion

  14. Step 2 - Continued • Most women abort within 4-5 hours, but some take up to a few days. • Bleeding or spotting may continue for up to four weeks after taking the Misoprostol.

  15. Step 3 • You must have a follow up visit within two weeks. This is to make sure that the abortion is complete and you are well. An ultrasound will be completed at this time. • If you are still pregnant you may require an in-clinic abortion .

  16. In-Clinic Abortions • Medical procedure to end a pregnancy • Cost: $300-$1500 • Most common: Aspiration or Vacuum Aspiration • Up to 16 weeks

  17. In-Clinic AbortionsAspiration or Vacuum Aspiration Procedure that empties the uterus with gentle suction from a manual syringe. Sometimes a machine operated suction device is utilized.

  18. Aspiration Abortions • Uterine exam (Ultrasound) • Pain medication • Speculum inserted into the vagina • Numbing medication for the cervix • Cervix stretched with dilators – series of increasingly thick rods • Tube inserted into uterus • Suction device empties uterus

  19. Aspiration Abortion • At times a curette is used to remove any remaining tissue that lines the uterus • Time required: 10-20 minutes

  20. In-Clinic AbortionsD&E Dilation and Evacuation • Sometimes referred to as a partial-birth abortion. • Partial-birth (D&E) abortions are late-term abortions of a fetus that has already died, or is killed before being completely removed from the mother

  21. In-Clinic AbortionsD&E Dilation and Evacuation • Procedure used after 16 weeks of pregnancy, but usually prior to 24 weeks. • This procedure usually combines a vacuum aspiration, dilation & curettage (D&C), and the use of surgical instruments.

  22. In-Clinic AbortionsD&E Dilation and Evacuation • Receive antibiotics • Positioned on an exam table • Speculum insertion • Antiseptic solution used to clean the vagina & cervix • Combination of: Pain medication, sedatives, spinal anesthesia/block or general anesthesia to make the patient unconscious.

  23. In-Clinic AbortionsD&E Dilation and Evacuation • Uterus held in place with medical instruments • Dilate the cervix with probes of increasing size • Pass a hollow tube (cannula) into the uterus • Through the cannula a tube, bottle and pump are attached to provide a gentle vacuum to remove uterine tissue. This is when cramping begins.

  24. In-Clinic AbortionsD&E Dilation and Evacuation • Forceps are used to remove larger pieces of tissue from the uterus. Usually for pregnancies beyond 16 weeks. • A curette is used to gently scrape the lining of the uterus. • Suction may be used as a final step to make sure all uterine tissue is removed. • Medications to reduce bleeding and an ultrasound will finalize the procedure.

  25. D&E • Time requirement: 30 minutes • Thoughts, comments or questions?

  26. .

  27. Emergency Contraception or Morning-After Pills/IUD 1. (ParaGard IUD) Copper-T ($500 - $900) 2. ella or Ulipristal Acetate (UPA or ELLA) ($30 - $65 or Sliding Scale Cost) 3. Plan B One Step, Next Choice One Dose & Levonorgestrel ($30 - $65 or Sliding Scale Cost)

  28. Emergency ContraceptionParaGard IUD Copper-T *Inserted by a doctor or nurse at a health center *Use up to 5 days (120 hours) after unprotected sex *Lasts up to 12 years *99.9% effective

  29. Emergency Contraceptionella or Ulipristal Acetate (UPA or ELLA) *By prescription only *One pill *Use up to 5 days (120 hours) after unprotected sex *85% effective *Less effective for women with a BMI over 35

  30. Emergency ContraceptionPlan B One Step, Next Choice One Dose & Levonorgestrel *Available to anyone without prescription *One pill *Use up to 72 -120 hours after accident *Effectiveness: 75%-89% *Less effective for women with a BMI over 25. May not work for women with a BMI over 30

  31. Body Mass Index (BMI) BMI is a number based on your height and weight. It’s a way to figure out if you are at a healthy weight for your height. In general, the higher the number, the more body fat a person has. BMI is often used as a screening tool to decide if your weight might be putting you at risk for health problems.

  32. Body Mass Index (BMI) BMI is usually used to broadly define different weight groups in adults 20 years old or older. The same groups apply to both men and women.

  33. Body Mass Index (BMI) Underweight: BMI is less than 18.5 Normal Weight: BMI is18.5-24.9 Overweight: BMI is 25-29.9 Obese: BMI is 30 or more

  34. What You Need to Know About Nonoxynol-9 • N-9 is the active ingredient in all of the over-the-counter (OTC) spermicidal products available in the U.S. and has been used for pregnancy prevention since the 1950s. An Advisory Review Panel of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has deemed N-9 a safe and effective contraceptive.

  35. N-9 • N-9 is the active ingredient in all OTC spermicidal products in the U.S. N-9 is a chemical detergent that damages sperm cell membranes, killing the cells. • N-9 is marketed and sold as a spermicidal contraceptive product in several different formulations, including: • - Suppositories - Foam - Film - Gel - Cream

  36. N-9 USE • Diaphragms and cervical caps are FDA approved for use in conjunction with spermicidal gels and creams. Also, some condoms include a spermicidal lubricant.

  37. N-9 USE RECOMMENDATIONS FROM WHO & CDC • N-9 can be used as a contraceptive, alone or in combination with a cervical barrier method, and among women at low risk of HIV/STI infection (Use the product no more than once daily.) • N-9 should not be used for the purpose of HIV/STI prevention. • N-9 should not be used for contraception by women at high risk of HIV infection.

  38. N-9 USE RECOMMENDATIONS FROM WHO & CDC • Condoms with N-9 should not be promoted for disease prevention. (However, it is better to use N-9-lubricated condoms than no condoms at all.) • N-9 should not be used rectally.

  39. Contraceptive foam, film, suppositories • Available over the counter • Must be inserted close to time of intercourse • Limited or no STI protection • 74%-94% effective

  40. Steps to Success 1. Sexual Arousal 2. Erection 3. Roll on condom 4. Leave room at the tip & squeeze out any air 5. Intercourse 6. Hold onto the base/rim of the condom 7. Withdrawal the penis 8. Orgasm 9. Relaxation 10. Loss of erection

  41. Male Condom • Made of latex or polyurethane • Single use barrier method that blocks sperm from entering the female • Approximately 85%-98% effective • Some protection against STIs • Over the counter • Inexpensive • May leak, break, or interfere with spontaneity

  42. Female condom • Rubber sheath with a flexible ring that is inserted in to the female • Single use barrier method that blocks sperm from entering the female • 79%-95% effective • Some protection against STIs • Over the counter • May leak, break, or interfere with spontaneity • More difficult to use

  43. Diaphragm • Dome-shaped rubber disk that covers the cervix so sperm cant reach the uterus • Best if used with a spermicide • 80%-94% effective • Inserted before intercourse, left in for at least 6 hours • Can be used multiple times • Uncomfortable to use • Has to be fitted • Limited protection against STDs

  44. Cervical Cap • Soft rubber cup with a round rim which fits around the cervix • 80%-94% effective • Hard to insert • Can remain in place for up to 48 hours without being removed

  45. IUD (Intrauterine device) • A T-shaped device inserted into the uterus by a doctor • Can last from 1 to 10 years • About 2 in 100 pregnancies a year • May result in ectopic pregnancies in the fallopian tubes

  46. Hormonal Contraception

  47. Combination Pill • Effectiveness • Adult Users 99.7% • Actual effectiveness: 92 % • Forget to take a pill daily • Eating disorders

  48. Combination Pill • Benefits – regular cycle every 28 days, reduces cramps and flow, reduces risks of uterine and ovarian cancer and other diseases • Side Effects – nausea, headaches, weight gain, fluid retention, bleeding between periods, depression, mood changes, changes in vision, dizziness, yeast infections, and smokers increase chances of stroke and heart attack • Who should not use it – heavy smokers, suffer from severe depression, get migraines, have had blood clots, cancer or blood diseases • Cost – Depends on insurance coverage

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