Period 4: 1800-1848 - Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Adams, Jackson

1. Period 4 1800-1848 10% of the test

2. Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr John Adams • “Revolution of 1800” • Party in power, Federalist, gave up power peacefully after losing an election, Democrat-Republican Party • End of the Federalist decade

3. Thomas Jefferson-3rd President (1801-1809) • first to take office in Washington, D.C. • Jeffersonian Democracy • believed in simple government • people should control Government

4. Key Jefferson Points • Federal government must not violate rights of the states • Freedom of Speech and Press are essential rights • governments must be closely watched. • Scope and activities of the federal government should be reduced

5. 1803 - purchases Louisiana Territory from France • Making this purchase violated Jefferson’s belief of strict interpretation • He wanted New Orleans as an outlet for western crops • Largest acquisition of territory ever • doubled size of the country • US paid France $15 million dollars • actually started westward movement

6. Sent Lewis and Clark to explore and map new territory

7. The Marshall Supreme Court • John Marshall believed in a strong central government and an opponent of states rights • Many decisions strengthened federal government • Marburyvs Madison, 1803 • Power of Judicial Review • The Courts interpret • the Constitution • Can rule actions of the President and Congress as being unconstitutional

8. Test Tip • You’re not expected to recall the details of Marbury vs Madison but you are expected to know it established Judicial Review, which is the power to interpret the constitution.

9. James Madison - 4th president (1809-1817)

10. War of 1812 • Against England • 1st declared war • Causes: • Impressment,forcing our sailors to serve in British navy • Interference with American commerce • Canadiansarming western Indian tribes • U.S. successful at sea but were a failure on land

11. Treaty of Ghent • Ends War of 1812 • maintains status quo • improved relationswith England • major results of the war: • encouraged American industrialization • confirmed U.S. as a free and independent country • Ended Federalist Party • Made Andrew Jackson more famous • Called official end of American Revolution

12. James Monroe-5th President (1817-1825)

13. “Era of Good Feeling” refers to years of Monroe’s presidency • Surge of nationalism • did have major issues during presidency, so nickname not really accurate • Slavery issue, Missouri Compromise • Panic of 1819, depression

14. Test Tip • Be prepared for essay questions asking you to define the “Era of Good Feelings” and give evidence supporting and criticizing this label.

15. Compromise of 1820“Missouri Compromise” • First major conflict over slavery in the west • Missouri, a slave territory, applied to be a State • Missouri would be admitted if Maine was admitted as a Free State • Maintain balance of power in the Senate • Drew a line dividing the Louisiana Territory

16. The Marshall Court • McCulloch vs Maryland • Maryland was taxing a branch of the Second Bank of the United States • Decision struck down the tax • Established federal law over state law • National Bank was constitutional , Congress has the right to use the implied powers (Elastic Clause) • Gibbons vs Utah • Decided only Congress has the right to regulate interstate commerce • Commerce clause key mechanism for expansion of federal power

17. Monroe Doctrine-1823 • warned European nations to stay out of western hemisphere affairs • no further colonization • In return the U.S. would stay out of European affairs • Successful because the British Navy supported it.

18. Election of 1824 • John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, William Crawford • No one earns a majority of electoral votes (131) • Clay hated Jackson and as Speaker of the House supported Adams • In return for political office, Secretary of State, Clay persuaded States to vote for Adams • Could never be proven • Jackson was very bitter Adams Jackson Crawford Clay John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829 6th president

19. Andrew Jackson-7th President (1829-1837) • first president from the West • no college education • First prisoner of war to become president • Jacksonian Democracy • believed that gov’t jobs could be performed by the average person • advocate of patronage • “spoils system” • Policy of appointing political supporters in office • Despised special privileges of Eastern elite • Expanded white male suffrage • Property owner requirement dropped • Strengthened the office of president

20. Nullification Crisis • 1828 Tariff of Abominations • Tax on imports, protects American industry • South believed “Yankee tariff” discriminated against them • John C. Calhoun • South Carolina Senator • proposed that states nullify (void) the tariff • tariff was unjust and unconstitutional • South Carolina was ready to secede

21. Nullification Crisis, cont. • Pres. Jackson was ready to use military force to prevent secession • Force Bill (1833) • allowed president to use military force, if necessary • Henry Clay’s compromise ended the crisis • Gradual reduction of the tariff Whig Cartoon

22. The Bank War • Jackson opposed to re-charter the Second Bank of the U.S. • He argued that the bank was against the interest of the common man • Supported removing federal deposits • State banks credit and speculation increase • Caused the emergence of a two party system again • The Whig Party • Named after a British political party

23. Indian Removal Act-1830 • Relocate Native Americans west of the Mississippi River • Jackson supports Indian Removal Act • Many tribes had adopted white America ways • Had successful farming communities • Land grab • land wanted for cash crops

24. Trail of Tears • Cherokees went to court to stop the removal • Worcester v. Georgia, upheld the right to stay on their tribal land • Jackson refused to uphold the decision • Cherokee forced to leave Georgia • 4,000 died on 116 day trip to Arkansas-Oklahoma in freezing weather

25. Test Tip • Trail of Tears have generated a number of questions on the exam. Be prepared to locate the trail on a map and analyze the famous painting by Robert Lindneux.

26. Test Tip • There are a few questions devoted to Jackson’s presidency because of the Nullification Crisis, The Bank War and the Indian Removal Act. So study Jackson. Be prepared to explain this cartoon. Jackson’s policies led to the creation of the Whig Party and the second Party System

27. Market Revolution (1812-1850) • Beginning of the Industrial Revolution in U.S. • changed from hand-made goods (in homes) to machine-made goods (in Factories) • new inventions fueled economic growth • Free Enterprise system begins • freedom of private business to operate for profits • entrepreneurs invest own money in new industries/inventors

28. 1793 - Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin separated cotton seeds from the fiber increased need for more slaves to feed cotton gin Inventions

29. Test Tip • Market revolution is a key development in the growth of the American economy. Be prepared to explain why it marks the beginning of industrialization in the US

30. Henry Clay’s “American System” • Senator from Kentucky • Also in House of Representatives • Ran for president 3 times and lost • Believed new transportation routes would promote trade and unite the West with the East • Called for tariffs to protect domestic industries • Fund internal improvements • Roads and canals

31. Transportation Revolution • Roads and Canals helped open the west to settlement and trade • Erie Canal • Completed 1825 • Strengthened commercial ties between New York City and the cities on the Great Lakes • Sparked a period of road and canal building that would last until 1850 • Clay’s American System

32. 1807-steam engine-Robert Fulton • steam powered transportation • faster trips • cheaper rates • 1830 • over 200 steamboats traveling along the rivers

33. Pre-1850’s Post 1860’s Railroads start in the 1830’s, bythe 1850’s 9,000 miles of track, by 1900 200,000 miles of track Early Locomotive

34. Women Reforms • Cult of Domesticity • also known as the cult of true womanhood • is an opinion about women in the 1800s. • believed that women should stay at home • Had a vital role as wives/mothers • should not do any work outside of the home. • Should be concerned with domestic, family, and religious affairs • Could not Vote, serve on juries • In many states women had to give their property to their husbands

35. Test Tip • A few questions could appear on this topic. One year the DBQ was about this. Test writers have used pictures, straight forward definitions, quotes to see if students can identify the cult of domesticity • Could have an essay question comparing domestic tranquility of this period to the 1950s.

36. 1848-Seneca Falls Convention • Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott • called for equal rights/suffrage • Sojourner Truth (Isabella Baumfree) • former slave, powerful speaker • Women played key role in abolitionist movement • temperance movement • Eradicate alcohol from society • Results of Convention • won some improvements in education • Wanted to retain property after marriage • Greater divorce and child custody rights • Did not call for equal pay for equal work

37. Test Tip • Its important to know what reforms the convention called for and DID NOT CALL FOR.

38. Lowell Girls • Textile mills in Lowell Mass. • Experimented with using women • Approx. 8,000 • Relied heavily on women and children • Lived in dorms • Paid anywhere from .50 to $2 per week • Majority of the workers were young, unmarried women • First strikes • 1834 over wages, failed • 1836 over rent hike in company boarding house, successful