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Period 4 Review

Period 4 Review. Period 4: Global integrations. 1450-1750. Overall Changes. The world became truly global Maritime trade dominated the world European kingdoms gained world power Nomads began to become a thing of the past Labor systems were transformed Gunpowder Empires.

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Period 4 Review

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  1. Period 4 Review

  2. Period 4: Global integrations • 1450-1750

  3. Overall Changes • The world became truly global • Maritime trade dominated the world • European kingdoms gained world power • Nomads began to become a thing of the past • Labor systems were transformed • Gunpowder Empires

  4. Major Gunpowder Empires • Ottoman • Mughal • Tokugawa Japan • Qing Dynasty

  5. Major Empires: Ottoman • Founded by Osman • 1453 conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire • From Istanbul (Constantinople) they launched raids to the Balkans of Europe • Controlled land on three continents

  6. Major GP Empires: Ottoman • Used civil service and bureaucracy systems • Sultan absolutely ruler but allowed for petition from the people • Great army of mounted foot solders made up of Janissaries • Slaves used as labor • Mostly Sunni but allowed religious freedom • Important Merchant class • Women had more equality than other areas

  7. Major GP Empires: Mughal • Decedents of Mongol invaders • Ruled over modern day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan • Strong military required high taxes • Rewarded military service with land grants • Muslim authority over Hindus • Sikhism emerged in some areas- combined Islam and Hinduism • Limited Trade • TajMahal Built

  8. Major GP Empires: Tokugawa Japan • Daimyos operated independently from shoguns • Empire still honored as ceremonial leader • Did not like Europeans or Christians • Closed trade network

  9. Major GP Empires: Ming China • Factors that weakened Ming China • Climate change • Nomadic invasion • Pirates • Declining Silk Road trade • Inept Rulers

  10. Major GP Empires: Early Qing dynasty • Manchus overthrew Ming Dynasty • Saw themselves as restoring China to glory • Copied many Chinese traditions, including Mandate of Heaven • Forbid intermarriage between Manchus and Chinese • Required Chinese's men to shave their heads and grow long queues at the back of their heads as a sign of submission

  11. Major GP Empires: Early Qing dynasty • Had contact with European missionaries: Jesuits • Cultural and Intellectual Life: • Based on Chinese traditions • Neo-Confucianism • Civil Service Exams • Printing press increased the number of books

  12. African Empires • Kongo/Congo • Benin • Soghai

  13. African Empires: Congo • West Africa • African merchant princes connected to Atlantic trade network economy • Women traders used marriage to European merchants to ensure power • Set up trade with Portuguese • Converted to Christianity • Became a major center of slave trade.

  14. African Empires: Benin • West Africa • Trade economy • Palace in walled city • Skilled in bronze work

  15. African Empires: Songhai • Sudanic • Trade city controlled salt, gold, and copper • Once controlled by Mali • Sunni Ali was the leader who brought Timbuktu and other trading cities under his control • Lacked gunpowder and was defeated by Moroccan forces in 1591

  16. European Empires • Portugal • Spain • England • France

  17. European Empires: Portugal • Power came from exploration and colonization • Important in early slave trade; first to set up trading centers along Africa’s cost • First to trade directly with Indian and China

  18. European Empires: Spain • Unified by the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand • Wealth came from exploration and colonization • Expelled Muslims and Jews • Inquisition • Controlled Latin America • Decimated Native Americans • Beginning of American slave trade

  19. European Empires: England • Power came from trade and colonization • Mercantilism • Long history of Constitutionalism • Important rulers: Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth

  20. European Empires: France • Power from trade and colonization • Louis XIV- absolutism • Controlled nobles by having them life at Versailles

  21. European patterns of social and gender changes • Major Cities included Paris, London, and Amsterdam • Rise of bourgeoisie • Rising gap between poor and everyone else • Marriages took place later in life, less likely to be arranged • More freedom for women • More women become education • Renaissance brings new age or art and literature • Reformation brings end to unified European Catholicism

  22. Russia • Converted to Orthodox Christianity • Peter the Great tried to westernize Russia

  23. Exploration and Colonization: Columbian Exchange • Diseases • Animals • Crops

  24. Exploration and Colonization: Columbian Slave Trade

  25. Types of forced labor • Slave trade • Plantation slavery • Mamluks/Janissaries • Serfs • East Africa • Caribbean, North and south America • Abbasid and Ottoman Empire • East Europe/Russia

  26. Major Population shifts • Rise in Europe’s population • A decrease in American population • No overall change in Africa • Major rise in Asia and Middle East

  27. Major environmental changes in New world Soil Exhaustion Deforestation

  28. Major environmental changes: Little Ice age

  29. Cultural and intellectual developments • Scientific Revolution • Enlightenment • Neoconfucianism • Major Developments and Exchanges in the Arts

  30. Cultural and intellectual developments: Scientific Revolution • Famous People or Events • Copernicus • Galileo • Francis Bacon • William Harvey • Content or Idea or Movement • World could be explained through natural laws • Sun center of the Universe • Scientific Method • Diffusion • Europe and American Colonies

  31. Cultural and intellectual developments: The Enlightenment • Famous People or Events • John Lock • Jean-Jacque Rousseau • Thomas Hobbes • Voltaire • Content or Idea or Movement • Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, and Property • Right of people to revolt and overthrow a government • Freedom of speech, press, and religion • Diffusion • Europe and American Colonies

  32. Cultural and intellectual developments: Neoconfucianism • Famous People or Events • Zhu Xi • Content or Idea or Movement • Combined elements of Buddhism and Daoism • Diffusion • China, Korea, and Japan

  33. Cultural and intellectual developments: Exchanges in Arts • Famous People or Events • Italian Renaissance Paintings • Mughal miniature paintings • TajMahal • Content or Idea or Movement • Celebration of beauty • Focus on individual achievement • Diffusion • Europe and its colonies • South Asia

  34. Quiz Time!

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