Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years

1. Chapter 8 Psychosocial Development During the First Three Years

2. Psychosocial Development Emotions Subjective reactions to experiences that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes Serves several protective functions such as stranger anxiety Emotional development is closely tied to nonorganic failure to thrive

3. Psychosocial Development Emotional development is an orderly process; complex emotions build on simpler ones Closely tied to other aspects of development Culture influences feelings about situations and emotions shown

4. Psychosocial Development Crying is the most powerful way of communicating Four patterns have been identified Parental responses to crying varies Earliest smiles are spontaneous and involuntary Earliest waking smiles may be elicited by mild sensations Later changes in responses reflects cognitive development

5. Psychosocial Development Emotions Involving the Self Self-conscious emotions arise after self-awareness is developed Demonstration of self-evaluative emotions occurs when children have a good knowledge of society�s accepted standards

6. Psychosocial Development Empathy arises during approximately the 2nd year and increases with age Empathy depends on social cognition One-year-olds can pick up emotional cues from television performances

7. Psychosocial Development Temperament Biologically based way of approaching and reacting to people and situations Relatively consistent and enduring with an emotional basis 3 main types: �easy,� �difficult,� and �slow-to-warm-up� children

8. Psychosocial Development Earliest Social Experiences: The Infant in the Family Infant care practices and patterns of interaction vary greatly around the world, may be culture-based Close bodily contact with mothers is more important than feeding for babies

9. Psychosocial Development Fatherhood has different meanings in different cultures The highly physical style of play by many U.S. fathers is not typical in all cultures A father�s involvement is directly related to a child�s well-being and cognitive and social development Various conditions and factors influence the extent of the father-child interaction

10. Psychosocial Development Parents shape gender characteristics of their children Fathers promote gender-typing more than mothers, spending more time with sons Grandparents� roles can be very influential

11. Psychosocial Development Developing Attachments Harlow�s �attachment� Attachment is a reciprocal and enduring emotional tie Infants and parents are biologically predisposed to become attached to each other Attachment promotes baby�s survival

12. Psychosocial Development Secure attachment � patterns in which an infant cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver on his or her return Avoidant attachment � pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return

13. Psychosocial Development Ambivalent (resistant) attachment: baby becomes anxious before mother leaves, gets upset when she leaves, and ambivalently seeks and resists contact on her return Disorganized-disoriented attachment: pattern of subtle and difficult to observe behaviors that are contradictory, repetitive, and misdirected

14. Psychosocial Development Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety were seen as emotional and cognitive milestones Long-term effects of attachment: secure attachment may affect emotional, social, and cognitive competence Adult perceptions of their own early attachments may affect their own child-parent relationships