First 2 years Psychosocial Development

1. First 2 years Psychosocial Development How do two year olds develop emotions, self-awareness, temperament, & social bonds?

3. How do emotions develop? • Newborns = two emotions • Distress & contentment • Happiness = Social smile • Occurs when seeing a face • Anger = frustration • Sadness = withdrawal & stress • Social fear • Stranger wariness • Separation anxiety • These changes gradually develop during the first year.

4. How do we know when a child develops self-awareness? • I am separate from others • Mirror rouge test • Me & mine • Generally develops during the second year

5. How are emotions related to the brain? • Emotions become more sophisticated as the cortex and memory develops • Stress can effect the parts of the brain related to emotions • Hypothalamus • Amygdala

6. What causes temperament & personality traits? • Temperament = Genetic predispositions • Shyness & aggression • Whether these are expressed is based on experience – culture, childrearing methods, etc. • Harsh parenting combined with a negative temperament can create antisocial, destructive children. • Personality traits = Learned • Honesty and humility • Adults who are extroverts, agreeable, and positive = warmer, more competent parents.

7. Do you remember? • What emotions develop over the first year? • How can you tell when a child develops self-awareness? • What causes emotions to become more complex? • What parts of the brain are related to emotions? • What type of parenting creates antisocial, destructive children?

8. What are theories of development? • Psychoanalytic • Freud • Erikson • Behaviorism • Cognitive • Sociocultural

9. Psychoanalytic - Freud • Freud • Oral stage (1st. Yr.) • E.g. Breast-feeding • Oral fixation • E.g. Fingernail biting, smoking, overeating • Anal (2nd. Yr.) • Bowels • Self-controlled • Anal personality • Most people disagree with this idea • Toilet training – Later age = less time

11. Psychoanalytic – Erikson • Trust vs. mistrust • Autonomy (independence & self-rule) vs. shame and doubt

12. Behaviorism • Emotions & personality • Based on reinforcement & punishment by parents • Social learning • Albert Bandura • Bobo doll experiment • Children express emotions they see others do

13. Do you remember? • During what period of Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory does toilet training occur? • If a child toilet trains later, will it take longer to accomplish? • What question must a child resolve in Erikson’s first stage? • What do the behaviorists assume creates a personality? • What does social learning theory assume creates emotions?

14. Cognitive • Working models • A set of assumptions that children use as a frame of reference • People are warm & friendly • People can never be trusted • Interpretation of experiences is most crucial

15. Sociocultural theory • Culture is most important • Proximal (close) parenting • Much body contact • Children become • More compliant • Less independent • More separation & stranger anxiety • Distal (far) parenting • Less body contact • Children become • Less obedient • More independent • Less separation & stranger anxiety

16. Development of Social Bonds • Attachment • Proximity-seeking • Following caregivers • Contact maintaining • Touching, snuggling, holding • Social referencing • Toddlers referring to parental emotions & actions to evaluate a situation • E.g. eating new foods • Crossing the street

17. Do you remember? • Give an example of a working model a child might develop? • What is the difference between proximal and distal parenting? • Which method would you use, and why? • Give an example of social referencing a child might use?