Psychosocial Development During The First Three Years

1. Psychosocial Development During The First Three Years Chapter 8

2. Guideposts for Study • 1. When and how do emotions develop, and how do babies show them? • 2. How do infants show temperamental differences, and how enduring are those differences? • 3. What roles do mothers and fathers play in early personality development? • 4. How do infants gain trust in their world and form attachments?

3. Guideposts for Study • 5. How do infants and caregivers "read" each other's nonverbal signals? • 6. When does the sense of self arise, and what are three steps in its development? • 7. How do toddlers develop autonomy and standards for socially acceptable behavior?

4. Guideposts for Study • 8. How do infants and toddlers interact with siblings and other children? • 9. How do parental employment and early child care affect infants' and toddlers' development?

5. Foundations of Psychosocial Development • Emotions • Communicate a person's inner condition to others a response • Guide and regulate behavior

6. Foundations of Psychosocial Development • Temperament=a person's characteristic, biologically-based way of approaching and reacting to people and situations • The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS), begun in 1956 by Thomas, Chess, and Birch= the pioneering study on temperament • three categories: easy, difficult, slow-to-warm up

7. Can you… Give evidence of cultural differences in temperament, and discuss ways of interpreting it?

8. Foundations of Psychosocial Development • Earliest Social Experiences: The Infant In The Family • Feeding is not the most important thing babies get from their mothers • Mothering includes the comfort of close bodily contact

9. Foundations of Psychosocial Development • Earliest Social Experiences: The Infant In The Family • Strong relationship between a father's close involvement with his baby and the baby's development

10. Developmental Issues In Infancy • Developing Trust • According to Erikson (1950), early experiences are the keyTrust vs. Mistrust • Sensitive, responsive, consistent caregiving Trust

11. Developmental Issues In Infancy • Developing Attachments=a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie • Secure attachment: baby greets mom happily when she returns • Avoidantattachment: avoids mom when she returns • Ambivalent (resistant) attachment: anxious even before the mother leaves; ambivalent when she returns

12. Developmental Issues In Infancy • Emotional Communication With Caregivers: Mutual Regulation • Any activitya response from an adult can be an attachment-seeking behavior: sucking, crying, smiling, clinging, or looking into the caregiver's eyes • TrustSecure attachment • MistrustInsecure attachment

13. Developmental Issues In Infancy • Social Referencing=Reading another person's nonverbal signals to get information on how to act • Babies look at their caregivers upon encountering a new person or toy

14. Developmental Issues • The Emerging Sense of Self • Physical self-recognition and self-awareness: Toddlers recognize themselves in mirrors or pictures by 18 to 24 months • Self-description and self-evaluation: They have a concept of themselves as distinct beings • Emotional response to wrongdoing: children are upset by a parent's disapproval

15. How would you expect each of the three early stages in self-concept development to affect the parent-child relationship?

16. Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood • Developing Autonomy • Autonomy versus shame and doubta shift from external to self-control • Negativismthe tendency to shout "No!" just for the sake of resisting authority

17. Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood • Socialization And Internalization: Developing A Conscience • Conscious, or effortful, control of behavior occurs first • Success of socialization, i.e. security of attachment, observational learning of parents' behavior, and the mutual responsiveness of parent and child

18. Contact With Other Children • Siblings • Rivalry is often present; so is affection • The more securely attached siblings are to their parents, the better they get along with each other

19. Contact With Other Children • Sociability With Nonsiblings • Some children are more sociable than others, due to temperamental traits,i.e. mood, readiness to accept new people, and ability to adapt to change

20. Children of Working Parents • Effects of Parental Employment • Maternal employment benefits children in low-income families by increasing the family's resources • Feelings of conflict about going to work or staying home may affect interaction with the child

21. Children of Working Parents • The Impact Of Early Child Care • Most important element is stimulating interventions with responsive adult caregiversearly cognitive, linguistic, and psychosocial development

22. Can you… List at least five criteria for good child care? Compare the impact of child care and of family characteristics on emotional, social, and cognitive development?

23. In the light of findings about effects of early child care, what advice would you give a new mother about the timing of her return to work and the selection of child care/