Ordering the International: Actors, Processes, Structures

1. Ordering the International:Actors, Processes, Structures Basic Concepts and Analytical Levels of International Relations

2. Introduction Perspectives of International Relations Actor Structure Process

3. Introduction Actor Actor Environment • Who acts ? • Forms, occasions, reasons, causes, results of the behaviour of actors which crosses national borders or is directed towards the international system ?

4. Introduction Process A C B a)Interaction of Actors (Duration, Regularity, Action-Reaction-Pattern ? b)Forms, occasions, reasons, causes, results ?

5. Introduction Structure a)Like processes between actors repeated over time and thus solidified b) Forms, reasons, consequences ?

6. Foreign Policy • Ressources • Means • Aims • Interests • Decision making processes International environment Border crossing action National Actor

7. International Politics Action Reaction Action Reaction Action Reaction Actor A Actor C Actor B

8. Actor A Actor B Pulling forces Pushing forces Actor C The Billard-Ball-Model of International Politics

9. IGO Foreign Policy A Akteur B Akteur A Foreign Policy B Society A Society B International Politics Internationale Politik

10. cancels manifestations Premiss: warfare rests in the horizontal Air warfare: ballistic carriers and nuclear weapons of mass destruction cancels The modern territorial State – Substrate of the Billard-Ball-Model of International Politics Premiss: Legitimation of the state by successful completion of its functions: guarantee of law and order domestically and protection against (military)attacks in its external relations Factors of Change: Development of the forces of production and destruction Medieval starting point Gun powder revolution of the late middle ages: development of artillery and distance weapons Wall-protected impenetrability Territorial State: hard shell of fortresses round periphery & parallell abolition of independence of interior fortified places by the central power Fortress protected impenetrability Strategy military power Politics: Independence Law Sovereignty Modern State: domestically pacified and externally hard shelled defensible Unit with monopoly of the use of physical force on its territory Impenetrability based on military, political, legal developments

11. underlines Air Warfare, in particular ballistic weapons of mass destruction overcomes Military and political impenetrability protected by force Modern industrial dynamics Penetrability functional Interdependence Transnational networking Globalization

12. Cobweb model of international Relations

13. Transnational Society Government Government Government A B C Society Society Society National Actor Transnational Society (of Actors)

14. Government Government Government B C A Society Society Society Transnational Politics

15. LOOKING AT THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FROM A RECENT INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PERSPECTIVE • For some time already, the analysis of International Relations is characterised by a change in perspective • away from the state as a unitary actor acting as a gatekeeper between the domestic and international policy areas • up, down, and sideways to supra-state, sub-state, and non-state actors. From the society of states, our focus of attention has consequently shifted to transnational and transgovernmental societies which take the form of boundary-crossing networks amongst individuals and non-governmental organisations (NGOs).

16. The traditional concept of international politics: States as international gatekeepers = government = society State C Society C State A State B Society B Society A = foreign or international societal interactions = foreign or international political interactions IGO INGO

17. Supranational and intergovernmental actors International & national regimes GOVERNMENT A GOVERNMENT B GOVERNMENT C Transnational groups MULTILEVEL GOVERNANCE: MAIN ACTORS AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS TARGET STATE International level Administration Legislative branch Judiciary system Central state Domestic groups&issue-specific groups (commercial, religious, and environmental) State level Administration Legislative branch Judiciary system Regional/substate unit Regional level Individual cognition; Belief system; Personal and national identity Individual level

18. MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE Flexibly organised common problem solving among different communities from the local via the regional and state to the international level (and vice versa) IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Concept covers the mechanisms, agreements, and patterns necessary to insure, in an anarchical international system * transnational cooperation * balances (of power/influence) * stability without formalised and insti- tutionalised organisations and treaty systems governance without government IN DOMESTIC POLITICS Concept gains importance in contexts in which political institutions and their decision-makers lose part of their auto-nomy to act; political direction and problem solving has to rely on cooperation of political AND societal actors in networks and negotiation systems (Round Tables etc.) Multilevel Governance