Non-Nuclear Methods for Compaction Control of Unbound Materials Nayyar Siddiki, M.S., P.E.

1. 44th Annual Midwest Geotechnical Conference Non-Nuclear Methods for Compaction Control of Unbound Materials Nayyar Siddiki, M.S., P.E. Geotech Construction & Tech. Support Engineer Office of Geotechnical Services, INDOT September 22, 2015

2. Research and Technical Papers JTRP & In-house Research 1998, JTRP Technical Report Series Cone Penetration Test to Assess the Mechanical Properties of Subgrade Soils 2010, FHWA/IN/JTRP-2010/27 SPR- 3009 Use of Dynamic Cone Penetration And Clegg Hammer Tests For Quality Control of Roadway Compaction and Construction 2014, FHWA/IN/JTRP SPR-3537 QA/QC of Subgrade and Embankment Construction In-House Research

3. Equipments Evaluated Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Light Weight Deflectometer Clegg Hammer (hammer weight, 10kg). Moisture Probe Microwave Oven Moisture Analyzer

4. Motivation Behind The Change • Measure fundamental properties of material (strength, modulus, etc) • Delineate the poor to good compaction in short time • Simple enough to train and easy to perform with no electronics • Precise enough to accept with confidence • Safety issues (management of nuclear gauges)

5. DCP Dynamic Cone Penetrometer

6. An Un-Assembled DCP Connect Pin 30 in. extension Drive Road Anvil 8 kg Handle Hammer Upper Road 22.6 in. Tip Drive Road Variable Rod

7. DCP Correlation Based on the last research(QA/QC of Subgrade and Embankment Construction) following relationship have been developed and used

8. Soil Types Soil will be defined as cohesive material with more than 35 % passing the No. 200 sieve. Soils are further defined as follows: Clay Soil- Soil with a maximum dry density of 114 lb/ft3 or less More than 1800 test performed in the laboratory, 3 types of soil identified on the basis of Maximum Dry Density and other parameters Cohesive Soil

9. Cont’d. Sandy Soil- Soil with a maximum dry density greater than 120 lb/ft3 Silty Soil- Soil with a maximum dry density greater than 114 lb/ft3 and less than or equal to 120 lb/ft3 Granular Soil Granular soil will be defined as soil that is non- cohesive with 35 % or less passing the No. 200 sieve

10. Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) Test Pad Construction The following laboratory tests are required during construction: • Sieve Analysis………………AASHTO T-88, T-89/or ASTM D-1140 • Atterberg Limits ………… AASHTO T-90 • Moisture –Density ……… AASHTO T-99 • Loss on Ignition……………AASHTO T-267 • Ca/Mg Carbonate………… ITM-507* • Sulfate test ITM 510 • *Not required unless shells or density <105 lbs. • A representative soils sample of (25 lbs) is required from project limit or borrow pit for the above testing.

11. Sieve Analysis Data with LL & PL

12. Sieve Analysis Data with LL & PL

13. Sieve Analysis Data with LL & PL

14. Field DCP Target blow Counts

15. Cont’d.

16. Cont’d. at optimum

17. Max. Dry Density-OMC VS Blow Counts

18. Moisture Range for Compaction The moisture range for all soil types are as follows

19. Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Testing 3rd Lift 3rd Lift 3rd Lift 6” 6” 6” 6” 2nd Lift 2nd Lift 2nd Lift 6” 6” 6” 6” 1st Lift 1st Lift 6” 6” 6” 6” Clayey Soils Silty , Sandy & Granular Soils

20. Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) • Field Test for DCP Blow Counts • One Point Proctor for Cohesive Soils……………ITM 512 • Dynamic Cone Penetrometer……………………… ITM 509 • Field Determination of Moisture Content of Soils.ITM 506

21. Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) • Frequency of Testing • Three random test locations in accordance with ITM 802 for each 2000 cyd of compacted soil. • Moisture test at every 4 hrs for clayey soils. • Moisture test once per day for other type of soils. • Note: • The moisture sample should represent the entire lift. • Additional moisture test may be required if there is an obvious visual change in moisture

22. Approved Moisture Test Methods Field Moisture Test ( ITM 506) Microwave moisture: Microwave with 700 watts input power, G-2 balance, samples size 100 gm, and test duration 5 minutes Stove /or Hot plate: Stove, G-20 or G-2 balance, samples size 1000g/or 500g and test duration 25 minutes Moisture probe: Campbell moisture probe, Proctor mold, rammer, G -20 balance, sample size 3000g, and test duration 25 minutes

23. When the soil type changes: One Point Proctor shall be performed to identify the soil type and revised DCP blow counts in accordance with the ITM 512-15T

24. One Point Proctor Itm-512

25. One Point Proctor • Motive behind performing One Point Proctor • To determine the following properties at the project: • Optimum Moisture Content of the blended soils • Maximum Dry Density and the use of ITM 512 Charts • Density based soils classification • Adjusted Optimum Moisture and DCP blow counts

26. Compacted Sample Weigh the mold with specimen Compacted sample & Mold. Record the weight

27. Field Criteria for DCP Blow Counts One Point Proctor ITM - 512 +1% 134 pcf 134pcf 127 pcf MC 12% Example-1 119 pcf -Data not to be used with Granular Soils. -Plot based on data acquired from July 1965 to January 1969 by Soils Department . -Moisture must be between -3% and +1% for a valid Maximum Wet Density -These charts are an alternative to the Family of Curves and may be used in accordance with ITM-512 -Revised 4/4/14 MDD=119 pcf OMC= 12% MC 12%

28. Field Criteria for DCP Blow Counts One Point Proctor ITM – 512-15T Example-2 +1% 140 pcf MC 14% Out of range -Charts to be used for Clay, Silty, or Sandy soils only. -Moisture must be between -3% and +1% for a valid Maximum Wet Density -These charts are an alternative to the Family of Curves and may be used in accordance with ITM-512 -Revised 4/4/14

29. Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) Field Criteria for DCP Blow Counts One Point Proctor ITM - 512 Example-2 +1% 140 pcf MC 14% Out of range -Charts to be used for Clay, Silty, or Sandy soils only. -Moisture must be between -3% and +1% for a valid Maximum Wet Density -These charts are an alternative to the Family of Curves and may be used in accordance with ITM-512 -Revised 4/4/14

30. DCP As A Diagnostic Tool 6 inches N Value 6 inches N=1 N=1 N=2 N=6 N=4 N=9 N=10 N=15 N=14 N=10 6 inches 6 inches 6 inches 6 inches 6 inches 6 inches 6 inches 6 inches

31. Chemically Modified Soil Compaction • Acceptance testing shall be performed with a DCP in accordance ITM 509. The chemically modified soil lift shall meet the following requirements for compaction: • The average DCP blow count will not be less than 17 for the top 6 in. of a 14 in. lift. • The average DCP blow count will not be less than 16 for the bottom 8 in. of a 14 in. lift.  • The average DCP blow count will not be less than 20 for an 8 in. lift. • Moisture Tests for chemically modified soils mixture will be performed at every 4 hours during chemical and soils mixing.

32. Example for the DCP Test • Top 6 in. of 14 in. lift DCP Test 2 lane 1,500 feet DCP blow counts: 15 (minimum), 18 and 18 each per 6 in. Average blow counts: (15+18 +18) ÷ 3 = 17 blows per 6 in. of 14 in. lift • Bottom 8 in. of 14 in. lift DCP blow counts: 14 (minimum), 18 and 16 each per 8 in. Average blow counts: (14+18 +16) ÷ 3 = 16 blows per 8 in. of 14 in. lift.

33. Cont’d. • Blow counts of 18 and above will be used to determine the average for the 8 in. lift. • Locations with test results less than the specified minimum blow counts will be retested and shall be reworked if the minimum blow count is not obtained. OR LWD may be used in Lieu of DCP.

34. DCP Use in Chemically Modified Soils 17 blows or more for the first 6 inches 20 blows or more for the first 8 inches 6 inches 8 inches 14 inches 8 inches 16 blows or more for the next 8 inches Chemically Modified Soils

35. Leveling Pad Foundation Requirement 6 inches N=5 6 inches N=5 6 inches N=5 2.5 ft. deep 6 inches N=5 6 inches N=5

36. MSE Wall- 731 Rev. DCP Test Frequency 50 ft. DCP The frequency of DCP measurements is: 1 DCP test for every 50 ft of linear MSE wall Or 5 DCP tests per end bent Unsuitable areas shall be removed, replaced, and compacted in accordance with 203 and 211.

37. Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) Conclusions: • The DCP is portable, easy to operate, and requires no electronics. It takes only a couple of minutes to learn how to use the DCP • It is an effective tool to identify weak layers when penetration rates are plotted vs. depth. • DCPs can take deeper measurements • DCP readings are not affected by minor shrinkage cracks in soils • Improve inspector safety

38. Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) Cont’d. • Directly related to Design • Increase compaction uniformity • Increase productivity due to less time per test • DCP is a good indicator of strength and moisture conditions • Reduce the reliance on the Nuclear Gauge • Improve documentation and reporting

39. Light Weight Deflectometer LWD ITM 508 Control Box ASTM E 2583- 07 ZORN model ONLY 3

40. LWD Setup Grip Top fix and release mechanism Guide road 10 Kg –falling weight Lock pin Set of steel springs Loading plate diameter Three Major Elements: Weight to induce the pulse The loading plate Accelerometer (To determine the deflection) . Boussinesq Half Space Equation Where q = applied stress, R = plate radius, μ = Poisson ratio, s = deflection

41. ITM 508, LWD Testing Procedure • Select site and set up LWD connection to its computational unit. • The test section should be level and smooth. • Set the plate on a prepared surface and seat it by turning it left and right 45 degrees. Do not drop the loading plate on the prepared surface. • LWD plate should not translate laterally with each successive drop.

42. Cont’d. • Perform 3 seating drops before collecting the data. If noticing excessive deflection. • Material needs additional compaction. • Following seating drops, perform three drops from a fixed height. • Record the average of 4th, 5th and 6th drops • (If the change in deflection is 10 % or greater for any two consecutive drops, the material shall require additional compaction)

43. Light Weight Deflectometer • INDOT permit LWD testing on the following materials: • Aggregate No.53, No.73, structural backfill size 1 ,1.5 • and 2 in • Chemically Modified soils

44. Maximum Allowable Deflection 203-R-628 COMPACTION ACCEPTANCE WITH LWD (Adopted 06-18-15) The maximum allowable deflection will be in accordance with the following: Materials not included in the table need a test pad.

45. Test Pad Construction Test section requirements: AASHTO T-11, T-27, and T-99. 2. Subgrade shall be proof-rolled. 3. Test Pad area is 100 ft. by 20 ft. (part of the roadway). 4. One moisture test is based on AASHTO T-255. Moisture shall be between -3 and OMC. Perform moisture on aggregates before placing on grade.

46. Proof Rolling of Chemically Modified Subgrade A fully legally loaded tri-axle dump truck. ( About 70,000 lbs.)

47. A Test Section Layout 100 ft X X X X X X X X • X X ½ Width of Placement

48. LWD Test Strip Data Sheet Cohesive or Granular (Fill or Cut)

49. LWD Test Strip Data Sheet Cohesive or Granular (Fill or Cut)

50. LWD Test Strip Data Sheet Cohesive or Granular (Fill or Cut)