Pathology: the heart of modern healthcare

1. Pathology: the heart of modern healthcare

5. Broken heart • Young at heart • With all my heart • Heart to heart • My heart sank • Hand on my heart • Queen of hearts • Heart and soul

6. Heart fact: coronary heart disease is the biggest cause of death in the UK

7. Heart fact: 1 in 5 deaths in the UK are from coronary heart disease

8. The heart is a muscle • It pumps blood around the body • The heart has 4 chambers, 2 on the right and 2 on the left

9. Dual circulation • Left high pressure • Right low pressure • Oxygen added to blood in lungs • Oxygen delivered to body by blood

10. Heart fact: nearly 70,000 men and 50,000 women have a heart attack in the UK each year

11. How can doctors look at the heart? • Scanners • X-rays • ECG • Echocardiography

12. Heart fact: heart disease costs the economy £9 billion each year

13. How do pathologists investigate the heart? • Blood tests • Biopsies • Genetic tests • Blood cultures • Autopsies

14. R L R

15. Atheroma Fatty deposits reduce blood flow through artery Normal artery wall Blood within the artery Fatty deposits in wall of artery

16. Atheroma Fatty deposits reduce blood flow through artery Normal artery wall

17. Artery blocked by blood clot

19. Risk factors for CHD • Smoking • Obesity • Lack of exercise • Diet • High cholesterol • High blood pressure

20. Heart fact: smoking doubles your risk of having a heart attack

22. Heart fact: stopping smoking reduces your risk of having a heart attack by a third

23. Heart fact: almost half of all heart attacks are caused by high fat levels in the blood

25. Heart fact: if you have a high cholesterol level, you are three times more likely to have a heart attack than someone with a normal level

26. Heart fact: around 30% of heart disease is due to not eating enough fruit and vegetables

29. Heart fact: around 20% of heart disease is caused by not doing enough exercise

31. Heart fact: only 40% of men and 28% of women meet the guidelines for physical activity

32. Heart fact: being overweight doubles your chance of having a heart attack

35. Heart fact: diabetes increases your chance of having a heart attack and increases the effect of other risk factors

37. Heart fact: the heart is formed during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy

39. Heart fact: over 4,500 babies are born with congenital heart disease in the UK each year

41. Heart fact: over 80% of babies with congenital heart disease now survive to adulthood

42. Pathology fact: over 70% of diagnoses in the NHS involve pathology

43. Pathology fact: over 700 million pathology tests are performed in the NHS each year

45. The study of disease in human tissue Histopathologists: • Are doctors • Look at cells and tissues removed in clinic or during an operation • Diagnose diseases including cancer • Work as part of teams • Some perform autopsies

46. When someone has a heart transplant, histopathologists look at the heart to find out what was wrong with it • They also look at biopsies from transplanted hearts to see if they are being rejected • If someone dies of heart disease a histopathologist might examine the heart to find out what happened

48. Dilated cardiomyopathy

50. The study of chemicals in the blood and body fluids • Clinical biochemists • Are scientists • Chemical pathologists • Are doctors • Both work in outpatient clinics, on hospitals wards and in the lab. • Some tests are now done by patients at home.