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PATHOLOGY: RT 91 INTRODUCTION

PATHOLOGY: RT 91 INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER 1 Spring 2008. HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES. Chronic diseases continues to be the leading causes of death in the U.S. Diseases of the heart and malignant neoplasm were the top two causes of deaths in 2000. Responsible for over 50% of all deaths.

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PATHOLOGY: RT 91 INTRODUCTION

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  1. PATHOLOGY: RT 91 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 Spring 2008

  2. HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES • Chronic diseases continues to be the leading causes of death in the U.S. • Diseases of the heart and malignant neoplasm were the top two causes of deaths in 2000. • Responsible for over 50% of all deaths.

  3. As of 2004 it continues to be… • Heart disease: 654,092 • Cancer: 550,270 • Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases): 150,147 • Chronic lower respiratory diseases:123,884 • Accidents (unintentional injuries): 108,694 • Diabetes: 72,815 • Alzheimer's disease: 65,829 • Influenza/Pneumonia: 61,472 • Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis: 42,762 • Septicemia: 33,464 • Source: Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2004

  4. HEALTH CARE RESOURCES • HEALTH CARE: 13% OF THE GROSS NATIONAL DOMESTIC PRODUCT • US SPENDS MORE MONEY ON HEALTH CARE THAN AN OTHER INDUSTRALIZED NATION • 17% OF U.S. POPULATION: NO HEALTH INSURANCE.

  5. US Dept. of Health and Human Services www.cms.hhs.gov • 16.0 percent of GNP in 2004 • The U.S. spent $1.9 trillion on health care, or $6,280 per person, in 2004.  Health spending rose 7.9 percent in 2004, slower than the 8.2 percent growth in 2003 and 9.1 percent growth in 2002. • Of this increases 20% was spent on new technology

  6. TRENDS IN HEALTH CARE • PREVENTION • MUCH CHEAPER TO PREVENT DISEASES THAN TREAT DISEASES • HOW IS THIS AFFFECTING RADIOLOGY?

  7. STRUCTURAL VS FUNCTIONAL DISEASE • STRUCTURAL – HEREDITARY DISORDERS, INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, ETC • FUNCTIONAL – NO LESION PRESENT EX: MENTAL ILLNESS, TENSION HEADACHES, IBS

  8. CONGENITAL & HEREDITARY INFLAMMATORY DEGENERATIVE METABOLIC TRAUMATIC NEOPLASTIC DISEASE CLASSIFICATION

  9. CONGENITAL & HEREDITARY DISEASE • DISEASES THAT ARE PRESENT AT BIRTH AND RESULT FROM GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. • 2% TO 3% OF ALL LIVE BIRTHS SHOW CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES. • TYPES OF CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES? HEREDITARY

  10. INFLAMMATORY DISEASE • DISEASE THAT RESULTS FROM THE BODY’S RXN TO LOCALIZED INJURIOUS AGENT • EXAMPLES ? • AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

  11. INFLAMMATION • THE BODY’S RESPONSE TO INJURY LOCALIZE/ISOLATE TOXIC SUBSTANCES – DESTROYS “ENEMY” BEGINS WOUND HEALTING AND REPAIR • ACUTE INFLAMMATION – 5 SIGNS

  12. ACUTE INFLAMMATION • RED SKIN – CONGESTION OF BLOOD VESSELS • SWELLING (EDEMA) • HEAT – TEMPERATURE OF THE SKIN • PAIN • LOSS OF FUNCTION • CELLULAR NECROSIS IS COMMON

  13. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION • LASTS FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME OR LIFETIME • NECROSIS NOT COMMON • EX: EMPHYSEMA, DENTAL CARIES

  14. Transudates Watery serum passing through a membrane Exudates Thick cloudy, protein rich fluid INFLAMMATION FLUIDS

  15. Inflammatory Lesions • Abscess • Cellulitis • Ulcers

  16. REPAIR • Regeneration • Fibrous Connective Tissue

  17. DEGENERATIVE DISEASE • DISEASES ARE CAUSED BY A DETERIORATION OF THE BODY • EX: OSTEOPOROSIS, OSTEOARTHRITIS, ATHEROSCLEROSIS

  18. METABOLIC DISEASE • DISEASES CAUSED BY A DISTURBANCE OF THE NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THE BODY. ENDOCRINE DISORDERS • EX: DIABETES

  19. TRAUMATIC DISEASE • DISEASES FROM MECHANICAL FORCES • EX: FRACTURES, BRUISES

  20. NEOPLASTIC DISEASE • ABNORMAL TISSUE GROWTH • BENIGN • MALIGNANT • CARCINOMA • SARCOMA • LEUKEMIAS • LYMPHOMAS

  21. GROWTH DISTURBANCES • INCREASED RATE OF THE GROWTH OF CELLS (PROLIFERATION) • 2 TYPES : Hyperplasia & Hypertrophy • HYPERPLASIA – INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CELLS IN TISSUE – EXAGGERATED RESPONSE TO STIMULI – STOPS AFTER STIMULI IS REMOVED. EXAMPLE ? – PYLORIC STENOSIS

  22. CELL GROWTH TERMS • HYPERTROPHY – INCREASED CELL SIZE • METAPLASIA – NORMAL TO ABNORMAL CELL CHANGES • DYSPLASIA – ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF TISSUE

  23. NEOPLASMS • NEW, ABNORMAL TISSUE GROWTH. • LESION: DESCRIBES THE MANY TYPES OF CELLULAR CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO DISEASE • ABNORMAL CELL GROWTH LEADS TO EITHER A BENIGN OR MALIGNANT TUMOR OR NEOPLASM

  24. TUMORS – BENIGN/MALIGNANT • BENIGN – NONCANCEROUS, LEAST SERIOUS, BUT CAN BE FATAL ? • MALIGNANT – CANCEROUS, GROWITH UNCONROLLED

  25. BENIGN NEOPLAMS • REMAIN LOCALIZED • GENERALLY NONINVASIVE

  26. MALIGNANT NEOPLASM • CONTINUES TO GROW, SPREAD AND INVADE OTHER TISSUES • DIFFERENTIATED • BENIGN • UNDIFFERENTIATED • HIGHLY SUSPISIOUS

  27. METASTATIC SPREAD • HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD • LYMPHATIC SPREAD • INVASION • SEEDING

  28. CANCERS • CARCINOMA-EPITHELIAL TISSUE • SARCOMA-CONNECTIVE TISSUE • LEUKEMIA-BLOOD • LYMPHOMA-LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

  29. BENIGN VS MALIGNANT • BENIGN = WORD ROOT IS ADDED TO “OMA” – LIPOMA • MALIGNANT = WORD ROOT IS ADDED TO “CARCINOMA” - ADENOCARCINOMA

  30. STAGING OF CANCER • STAGING HELPS DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT TUMORS AND DETERMINING PROGNOSIS. • TNM SYSTEM

  31. TNM • T = THE SIZE OF THE UNTREATED PRIMARY CANCER OR TUMOR • N = LYNPH NODE INVOLVEMENT • M = EXTENT OF DISTANT METASTASIS

  32. Epidemiology • Measured over a period of time usually 1 year • Frequency • Incidence • Prevalence

  33. QUESTIONS? • HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT • Pathology Terms

  34. DISEASE PATHOGENESIS SYMPTOM SIGNS SYNDROME ASYMPTOMATIC ETIOLOGY NOSOCOMIAL IATROGENIC ISCHEMIA IDIOPATHIC ACUTE CHRONIC DIAGNOSIS PROGNOSIS EPIDEMIOLOGY MORTALITY RATE MORBIDITY RATE INFARCT NECROSIS THROMBI/EMBOLI PATHOLOGIC TERM ACTIVITYFOR NEXT CLASS MEETING

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