1. An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

1. 1. An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

2. Biology • Basic Functions of Life • Responsiveness • Growth • Reproduction • Movement • Metabolism

3. The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy – the study of structure and the physical relationships between the body parts • Physiology – how living things perform their vital functions • Sometimes the link between structure and function is not always known or understood. • E.g. the heart’s structure was known 200 years prior to the idea that it actually pumped blood

4. ANATOMY • Gross – visible to the unaidedeye • Surface – general formand surface markings • Regional – all external and internal features of a region in the body • Systematic – structure of organ systems • Microscopic – you need a microscope… • Cytology – cells • Histology – tissues

5. PHYSIOLOGY • Physiology – study of functions • Cell – in the cell • Special – specific organs • Systematic – organ systems • Pathological/Pathology – effects of diseases on an organ or system function

6. Levels of Organization • Chemical/Molecular – a set of atoms joined together • Cellular – a set of molecules working together in a set • Tissue – similar cells working together to perform a specific function • Organ – a set of tissues that work together to perform specific functions • Organ System – a particular set of organs that perform a function • Organism – the whole thing

7. An Introduction to Organ Systems • Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Reproductive 11 Some overlap

8. Homeostasis and System Integration • Homeo “unchanging” + stasis “standing” • This does not mean the organism never changes, this means there exists a stable (or unchanging) internal environment. • “To survive, every living organism must maintain homeostasis (7)”

9. Homeostatic Regulation • Receptor – sort of like a sensor for a specific type of stimuli • ControlCenter – processes information from the receptor • Effector – responds to commands from the control center

10. 1. Integumentary • The Skin • Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature

11. 2. Skeletal • The Skeleton “skeletas” – “dried body” • Provides structural support protects tissues; • stores minerals; forms blood

12. 3. Muscular • Muscle • Allows for movement; provides support; produces heat

13. 4. Nervous • Nerves • Directs immediate response to stimuli; usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

14. 5. Endocrine • Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems • Secretes hormones

15. 6. Cardiovascular • The Heart • Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

16. 7. Lymphatic System • Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluid to the blood stream • Moves and monitors lymphs • Lymph = water + proteins

17. 8. Respiratory • Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

18. 9. Digestive • Process food and absorbs nutrients

19. 10. Urinary • Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products

20. 11. Reproductive • Produces sex cells and hormones

21. Homeostatic Regulation • Receptor • Control Center • Receptor • When homeostatic regulation fails, organ systems begin to malfunction, and the individual experiences the symptoms of illness, or disease

22. Negative Feedback • Regardless of whether the stimuli changes at the receptor, a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation • The effector activated by the control center opposes or negates the original stimulus. • Example: a regular thermostat

23. Positive Feedback • The initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces the stimulus • Add more because you’ve added more

24. THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY • Surface Anatomy • Supine – “SPINE” • Prone – “PLANK”

25. Anatomical Regions • Abdomniopelvic regions intersect at the belly button (the navel, or umbilicus)