Years of Crisis , 1919–1939

1. CHAPTER 31 QUIT Years of Crisis, 1919–1939 Chapter Overview Time Line An Age of Uncertainty 1 SECTION A Global Depression 2 SECTION Fascism Rises in Europe 3 SECTION GRAPH Aggressors on the March 4 SECTION MAP Visual Summary

2. CHAPTER 31 Chapter Overview HOME Years of Crisis, 1919–1939 The 1920s see great changes in technology, science, and the arts. The Great Depression of the 1930s causes worldwide crises. Britain and France try to appease Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The United States isolates itself.

3. CHAPTER 31 1939 1919 HOME Years of Crisis, 1919–1939 Time Line 1919Weimar Republic established in Germany. 1927Lindbergh crosses Atlantic in Spirit of St. Louis. 1931Japan seizes Manchuria. 1936Spanish Civil War begins. 1922James Joyce writes Ulysses. 1929U.S. stock market crashes; Great Depression begins. 1939Germany and Soviet Union sign nonaggression pact. 1933Hitler named German chancellor.

4. 1 HOME An Age of Uncertainty Key Idea New ideas in science, the arts, and technology develop in the postwar period and change the way people look at the world and live their lives. Overview Assessment

5. 1 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME An Age of Uncertainty Overview •Albert Einstein •theory of relativity •Sigmund Freud •existentialism •Friedrich Nietzsche •surrealism •jazz •Charles Lindbergh WHY IT MATTERS NOW The postwar period was one of loss and uncertainty but also one of invention, creativity, and new ideas. Postwar trends in physics, psychiatry, art, literature, communication, music, and transportation still affect our lives. Assessment

6. 1 1 Section Assessment Field Contributors Philosophy Literature Art Architecture Music HOME An Age of Uncertainty 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each category shown below, name at least two people you read about who contributed to that field. Sartre, Jaspers, Nieztsche Kafka, Joyce Klee, Kandinsky, Braque, Picasso, Dali Wright, Gropius Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Ellington, African-American musicians continued . . .

7. 1 HOME An Age of Uncertainty 1 Section Assessment 2. In your opinion, whose ideas had a bigger impact on the world—Einstein’s or Freud’s? Give reasons to support your position.THINK ABOUT •the state of knowledge before their contributions •the field in which they worked •how life would be different without their contributions ANSWER Einstein—theory of relativity changed scientific thought, upset absolute laws of science; in contrast, Freud’s field was new, unscientific. Freud—developed new theory of human mind; ushered in era of psychoanalysis; created new understanding of human behavior; Freud’s ideas had wider and more personal influence. Possible Responses: End of Section 1

8. 2 HOME A Global Depression Key Idea An economic depression begins in the United States in 1929. It spreads throughout the world and lasts for a decade. Overview Assessment

9. 2 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME A Global Depression Overview •coalition government •Weimar Republic •Great Depression •Franklin D. Roosevelt •New Deal WHY IT MATTERS NOW An economic depression in the United States spread throughout the world and lasted for a decade. Many social and economic programs introduced worldwide to combat the Great Depression are still operating. Assessment

10. 2 2 Section Assessment The Great Depression HOME A Global Depression 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the effects of the Great Depression in the United States. Businesses failed. Unemployment rose. Farms were foreclosed. Banks closed. Savings were lost. continued . . .

11. 2 HOME A Global Depression 2 Section Assessment 2. The collapse of the American economy had a devastating effect on the world. List one cause for each of the following effects: American market for European goods dropped; unemployment rates soared; European banks and businesses closed. THINK ABOUT •economic conditions in the United States •the interdependence of the economies of the world ANSWER •High U.S. tariffs •Drop in world trade •Demand for repayment of American loans and withdrawal of American investment money Possible Responses: continued . . .

12. 2 HOME A Global Depression 2 Section Assessment 3. What actions did the United States, Britain, France, and the Scandinavian countries take to try to recover from the Great Depression? Give specific examples for each country.THINK ABOUT •Roosevelt and the New Deal •coalition governments in Britain and France •traditional community cooperative actionin Scandinavia ANSWER continued . . .

13. 2 HOME A Global Depression 2 Section Assessment United States—New Deal supported public works, financial aid to businesses and farms, money for welfare and relief programs; regulated stock market and banks Britain—National Government passed tariffs; increased taxes; regulated currency; decreased interest rates France—Popular Front enacted worker reforms Scandinavia—public works projects; raised pensions, unemployment insurance, housing subsidies, welfare benefits Possible Responses: End of Section 2

14. 3 HOME Fascism Rises in Europe GRAPH Key Idea In response to political turmoil and economic crises, many countries in Europe, including Italy and Germany, turn to Fascist dictators. Overview Assessment

15. 3 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Fascism Rises in Europe GRAPH Overview •fascism •Benito Mussolini •Adolf Hitler •Nazism •Mein Kampf •lebensraum WHY IT MATTERS NOW In response to political turmoil and economic crises, Italy and Germany turned to totalitarian dictators. These dictators changed the course of history, and the world is still recovering from their abuse of power. Assessment

16. 3 Hitler Mussolini Method of taking power Style of leadership Handling of economic crisis Goals HOME Fascism Rises in Europe GRAPH 3 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare Mussolini and Hitler by using the four categories listed below. Appointed chancellor Appointed by king Dictator Dictator Revived economy Took control of economy Sought to regain lost lands and take over more Wanted Italy to return to its ancient greatness continued . . .

17. 3 HOME Fascism Rises in Europe GRAPH 3 Section Assessment 2. Why did a movement like fascism and leaders like Mussolini and Hitler come to power during a period of crisis?THINK ABOUT •what problems Italy and Germany faced •political traditions in each country •the state of the world at the time ANSWER During periods of crisis, people often turn to doctrines or leaders who promise to take charge and solve the country's problems. These doctrines or leaders often offer simple solutions to complex problems and blame outsiders, or scapegoats, for the problems. Possible Response: continued . . .

18. 3 HOME Fascism Rises in Europe GRAPH 3 Section Assessment 3. Refer to the History Makers features in this section. What biases in the speeches of Mussolini are mentioned? What techniques did he and Hitler use to appear powerful and capable to their listeners? ANSWER Mussolini talked about Italy’s past glory and often used words like “war” and “power.” He and Hitler appeared powerful by standing high above the crowds, using dramatic body language and forceful voices to stir up patriotic, violent emotions in the crowd. Possible Responses: End of Section 3

19. 4 HOME Aggressors on the March MAP Key Idea Germany, Italy, and Japan conquer other countries. The League of Nations and the rest of the world do nothing to stop them, and the specter of another great war haunts Europe. Overview Assessment

20. 4 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Aggressors on the March MAP Overview •appeasement •Axis Powers •Francisco Franco •isolationism •Third Reich •Munich Conference WHY IT MATTERS NOW As Germany, Italy, and Japan conquered other countries, the rest of the world did nothing to stop them. Many nations today take a more active and collective role in world affairs, as in the United Nations. Assessment

21. 4 1922 1930 1936 1928 1931 1937 HOME Aggressors on the March MAP 4 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Trace the movement of Japan from democratic reform in the 1920s to military aggression in the 1930s by supplying the events following the dates shown below. Signs treaty agreeing to respect China’s borders Great Depression puts military in control Allies with Germany Signs Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war Invades Manchuria Invades China continued . . .

22. 4 HOME Aggressors on the March MAP 4 Section Assessment 2. Review Germany’s aggressive actions after Hitler defied the Versailles Treaty by rebuilding Germany’s armed forces. At what point do you think Hitler concluded that he could take any territory without being stopped? Why? THINK ABOUT •Hitler’s goals •responses of the democracies to his statements and actions •the role of the League of Nations ANSWER • After Hitler renounced Versailles Treaty—nothing happened • After seizing Rhineland—Britain urged appeasement • After taking Austria—France and Britain ignored pledge to protect Austria • After Munich Conference—Britain and France let Germany take Sudetenland Possible Responses: continued . . .

23. 4 HOME Aggressors on the March MAP 4 Section Assessment 3. After World War I, many Americans became isolationists. Do you recommend that America practice isolationism today? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT •America’s role as world leader •the global economy •America’s domestic problems •the economic and political goals of other countries ANSWER Yes—world leadership costs in money and respect; global economy costs in jobs and social services; cannot solve other countries’ problems No—power and prestige as a world leader; need to compete in a global economy; benefits from maintaining order Possible Responses: End of Section 4