The Origins of American Politics 1789-1820

1. The Origins of American Politics1789-1820 CHAPTER 6

2. SECTION 1 Liberty Versus Order in the 1790s

3. I. Describe Alexander Hamilton’s program for dealing with national and state debts. • A. Hamilton’s Programs • 1. strong supporter of strong national power • 2. Hamilton’s debt plan consolidated the nation’s war debts into one debt to be paid off by the national government • B. Hamilton’s Strategy • 1. debt was owed to European banks and American merchants • 2. Congress created a tariff – tax on foreign goods • 3. Congress placed a tax on whiskey • 4. Interest – charge for borrowed money – extra sum that borrowers pay creditors in return for the loan • 5. Congress established the Bank of the United States 1791

4. I. Describe Alexander Hamilton’s program for dealing with national and state debts. • C. Hamilton’s Opponents • 1. Dislike of federal government in local and state affairs • 2. Dislike of taxes • 3. Jefferson was opposed – resigned as Sec. of State • a) Jefferson – Strict Construction – belief that the Constitution should be interpreted exactly as it is written - should not start a national bank - more faith in people than government • b) Hamilton – Loose Construction – belief that the Constitution was intended as a foundation to be freely built upon

5. II. Explain how the French Revolution divided Americans. • A. American Reactions • 1. Federalists – opposed it – seeing it as an example of a democratic revolution gone wrong • 2. Jefferson viewed it as an extension of the American Revolution • B. Choosing Sides • 1. Neutral – not taking sides in a dispute

6. III. Describe the causes and effects of the Whiskey Rebellion. • A. Whiskey Rebellion • 1. Cause: Occurred in response to Hamilton’s debt plan • 2. Closed courts and attacks on debt collectors • 3. Government exerted its military force • 4. Effect: Government committed to enforcing its laws

7. IV. Summarize the debate over Jay’s Treaty and the resulting rise of political parties. • A. Washington and Hamilton believed long-term interest of U.S. would be better by siding with Britain • B. Chief Justice John Jay sent to negotiate – Jay’s Treaty • C. Jay’s Treaty – between United States and Britain aimed at expanding trade • D. Jeffersonian Republican • 1. Republicans or Democratic-Republicans – were critics of Federalists – opposition to Jay’s Treaty • 2. Not modern Republicans or Democrats • 3. Jeffersonian Republicans and Federalists were the first political parties – group of people who seek office to control government policy and programs

8. SECTION 2 The Government Takes a New Course

9. I. Summarize the actions of John Adams as President. • A. John Adams as President • 1. Party differences and threat of war from France • 2. XYZ Affair – French secret agents’ attempted bribery of American diplomats • 3. Americans refused to pay bribe – undeclared war began • 4. Increase in the size of the army, higher taxes, support of the army and navy • B. Alien and Sedition Acts • 1. Legislation giving the President the power to deport citizens of other countries and giving the government the right to imprison its critics • 2. Used to silence Republican opposition • 3. Increased tensions between Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans

10. I. Summarize the actions of John Adams as President. • C. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • 1. Jefferson and Madison believed Alien and Sedition Acts violated freedom of speech • 2. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions a. Resolutions stating that the states had the right to judge whether a federal law agreed with the Constitution b. Defy the federal government’s power c. Nullification – decision by a state that a federal law is “null and void” • D. Increasing Tensions • 1. Jeffersonians – “Spirit of 1776” Declaration of Independence – idea of liberty • 2. Federalists – “Spirit of 1787” Constitution – idea of order

11. II. Describe the events of Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion. • A. Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion was a revolt by enslaved people in Virginia

12. III. Explain the outcome and the importance of the election of 1800. • A. Jefferson won the Popular Vote in 1800, but was unable to get a majority in the Electoral College • B. Jefferson was chosen President in 1800 by the House of Representatives • C. Peaceful Transfer of Power – • 1. Executive and Legislative branches of federal government controlled by Jeffersonian Republicans • 2. Political power could be transferred peacefully

13. SECTION 3 The Jefferson Administration

14. I. Describe how Jefferson both reduced and expanded the power of the national government. • A. Agenda – list of things to accomplish • 1. reduced the influence of the national government • 2. limit national governments presence in people’s lives • B. Reducing Government • 1. cut taxes and reduced size of federal bureaucracy • 2. bureaucracy – departments and workers that make up the federal government • C. Jefferson allowed the Bank of the United States to operate • D. Re-elected in 1804 – very popular

15. I. Describe how Jefferson both reduced and expanded the power of the national government. • E. Hamilton and Burr • 1. Jefferson’s rivals • 2. Burr – Vice-President • 3. Burr shot and killed Hamilton in a duel

16. I. Describe how Jefferson both reduced and expanded the power of the national government. • F. Judiciary Acts • 1. Judiciary Acts of 1789 and 1801 were passed by Congress to expand the judicial branch’s court system • 2. Created a national court system with circuit and district courts, all headed by the Supreme Court

17. II. Understand the Supreme Court’s power to review laws. • A. John Marshall – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • 1. Appointed by John Adams • 2. Marbury v. Madison 1803 – • a. Marshall increased the power of the executive and judicial branches • b. Judicial Review – enables federal courts to review state laws and state court decisions to determine if they are in keeping with the federal Constitution • c. Allows federal courts to decide whether laws passed by Congress are constitutional

18. III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration. • A. The Louisiana Purchase • 1. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – process territories could become states • 2. Land Act of 1800 – Americans were able to buy land in small parcels on credit in the West near the Mississippi River

19. III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration. • A. The Louisiana Purchase • 3. Napoleon and the French • a. French leader, Napoleon, controlled the Mississippi River and New Orleans area • b. Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to buy city of New Orleans for an offer of $10 Million • c. Napoleon refused to sell just New Orleans but offered Louisiana

20. III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration. • A. The Louisiana Purchase • 3. Napoleon and the French

21. III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration. • A. The Louisiana Purchase • 3. Napoleon and the French • d. Louisiana Purchase – from France in 1803 of New Orleans and a huge area of land west of the Mississippi River • e. Significant because it greatly increased the size of the United States

22. III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration. • A. The Louisiana Purchase

23. III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration. • B. Lewis and Clark Expedition • 1. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark • 2. Expedition to explore land included in the Louisiana Purchase in the Spring of 1804 • 3. Search river routes to the western ocean • 4. Made contact with Native Americas • 5. Gather information about natural resources • 6. Two-years four-months • 7. Later voyages by Zebulon Pike

24. III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration. • B. Lewis and Clark Expedition

25. III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration. • B. Lewis and Clark Expedition • 8. Hired French-Canadian fur trader and his wife as interpreters – wife was Shoshone Indian Sacajawea

26. III. Identify important foreign policies of the Jefferson administration. • C. Jefferson’s Foreign Policy • 1. Harassment of American ships by British and French • 2. Embargo of 1807 • a. Embargo – restriction on trade • b. Unpopular and unsuccessful

27. SECTION 4 Native American Resistance

28. I. Describe the condition of Native Americans in the Old Northwest around 1790. • A. After the War for Independence, the Miamis, Delawares, and Shawnees were able to fight successfully against American expansion • B. Treaty of Greenville – agreement Native Americans were forced to accept after the Battle of Fallen Timbers

29. II. Summarize the ideas of Native American leaders about dealing with the United States. • A. Accepting White Culture • 1. After his defeat by the Americans, Little Turtle adopted parts of American culture • B. Blending Indian and American Cultures • 1. reservation – area set aside for Native Americans who lost their homelands • 2. Handsome Lake stabilized Seneca society by urging his people to blend Seneca and European cultures

30. II. Summarize the ideas of Native American leaders about dealing with the United States. • C. Returning to Indian Traditions • 1. assimilation – process by which people of one culture become part of another culture • 2. Tenskwatawa “the Prophet” – called for the Miamis, Delawares, and Shawnees to completely reject European culture • D. Taking Military Action • 1. Tecumseh led the protest to the Treaty of Fort Wayne in which Native Americans were tricked into giving up their land • 2. Battle of Tippecanoe – military encounter between Governor William Henry Harrison and Tenskwatawa • 3. The Battle of Tippecanoe resulted in a loss of Native American culture

31. SECTION 5 The War of 1812

32. I. Explain the causes and results of the War of 1812. • A. War Breaks Out • 1. Anger Toward Britain • a. Impressment – forcing people into military service • b. War of 1812 – the United States declared war on Great Britain because of continued British harassment • 2. The Land War • a. William Henry Harrison – defeated British and Native Americans in British-held Canada • b. Andrew Jackson – defeated Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend in Alabama

33. I. Explain the causes and results of the War of 1812. • A. War Breaks Out • 3. The Naval War • a. U.S.S. Constitution “Old Ironsides” • b. “Don’t give up the ship” • 4. The burning of Washington, D.C. • a. James and Dolly Madison – warned and fled • b. British burned the United States Capital and White House • c. All night British bombarded Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star-Spangled Banner”

34. I. Explain the causes and results of the War of 1812. • A. War Breaks Out • 5. The War Ends • a. Mr. Madison’s War had left 1. national treasury empty 2. Capital in ruins 3. British blockade had brought trade to a standstill • b. Treaty of Ghent – treaty ending the War of 1812 • c. Battle of New Orleans 1. event that took place after the War of 1812 had officially ended 2. victory for the United States 3. unified the country, restored patriotism, and made Andrew Jackson a national hero

35. III. Understand the issues that led to the Missouri Compromise. • A. Northern states objected to admitting Missouri as a slave state because it would increase the power of the southern states in the Senate • B. Missouri Compromise • 1. established 36^ 30’ N latitude as dividing line between free and slave states • 2. slavery would be allowed in Missouri, but Maine would be admitted as a free state