US History Chapter 6 The Origins of American Politics

1. US History Chapter 6The Origins of American Politics • Section 1: Liberty vs. Order in the 1790s • Section 2: The Election of 1800 • Section 3: The Jefferson Administration • Section 4: Native American Resistance • Section 5: The War of 1812

2. Section 1: Liberty vs. Order • Americans became sharply divided in the 1790s over whether order of liberty was more important. • Essentially this was an argument between those called the Federalists & the Jeffersonian-Republicans over the role of the federal government in the new nation

3. Federalists • Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury: had responsibility of organizing the nation’s economic policy and figuring out a plan to pay off the new nation’s debts from the war • Hamilton was a keen supporter of a strong FEDERAL government • He proposed a complicated plan to help the economy and strengthen the national government

4. A Deal with the South • 1790-Congress approves Hamilton’s plan for the national government t to assume the debts acquired by the states during the Revolutionary War • The Southern states did not want to pay Northern debts but Hamilton struck up a deal to get them to go along by ensuring that the nation’s capital would be in the South

5. State Debts • Hamilton’s plan put the federal government $75 million dollars into debt • The federal government holding the debt made us stronger as a centralized country. • Our debts were to foreign lenders who wanted to get paid back. Therefore they had an interest in the nation as a whole not just individual states.

6. Hamilton’s Strategy • Hamilton outlined regular payments to creditors and a specific budget was created • In 1789, Congress created a tariff (tax on imported goods) • By 1791, the Whiskey Tax was instituted • The money from these went to pay government officials and debts. • Finances started to get complicated so Congress created the Bank of the United States

7. Jeffersonian-Republicans • Many did not like Hamilton’s plan, they thought it gave the federal government too much power • Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson was strongly opposed to Hamilton’s plan • Jefferson supported a strict construction of the Constitution whereas Hamilton supported a loose interpretation • Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State after Washington sided with Hamilton on these issues

8. Foreign Policy • Americans were divided over the French Revolution • Federalists opposed it • Jeffersonian-Republicans were in favor of it, they considered it to be an extension of the American Revolution

9. The Whiskey Rebellion • People in western Pennsylvania began refusing to the pay the tax on whiskey • Whiskey was one of the ONLY products that farmers could make out of corn that could transported to market without spoiling • Washington reacted strongly by assembling a large army to respond to the rebellion which dissolved quickly. • This outcome made it clear to the world that the young nation was committed to enforcing its laws.

10. Election of 1796 • Washington chose not to run for a 3rd term • John Adams ran as the Federalist candidate • Thomas Jefferson ran on the Republican side • Adams won 71-68 • Because Jefferson finished 2nd in the race, he became Vice President under the rules of the Constitution at this time

11. Washington says Farewell • Washington did not support political parties and he supported a foreign policy of neutrality • “ a system of political parties agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against another, and stirs up riot and insurrection.” • George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

12. Section 2 • The Election of 1800

13. Foreign relations w/ France • XYZ Affair – American officials refused to take a bribe to see the French foreign minister, common practice in Europe, Americans refused • Eventually, America and France were in an unofficial naval war

14. Alien and Sedition Acts • Alien Act and the Alien Enemies Act gave the President power to arrest & deport citizens of other countries living in the U.S. • Naturalization Act increased from 5 years to 14 years the time an applicant had to wait to become a citizen • Sedition Act – persons who wrote, published or said anything “false, scandalous, and malicious against the American government or its officials could be fined or jailed”

15. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • James Madison and Thomas Jefferson responded to the Federalist-backed Alien & Sedition Acts with the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • These were adopted by legislatures of those two states and argued that the states had the right to judge whether federal laws agreed with the Constitution

16. John Adams runs for President • Adams lost Federalist support when • he made peace with France without aggression • Peace with France made the Jeffersonian-Republicans support of them less of a rallying point • The highly unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts seemed less justified now that the threat of war had faded

17. The Election of 1800 • Jefferson won the popular vote but not the electoral college vote • Jefferson actually tied with his running mate (Aaron Burr) with each receiving 73 electoral votes • Adams had 65 electoral votes • Under Article II of the Constitution, if two candidates tied, the House of Representatives chose the President

18. 1800 Election continued… • Each of the 16 States would get one vote • It was clear that the states would be deadlocked once again until Alexander Hamilton gave his support to Thomas Jefferson • The House of Representatives finally voted for Thomas Jefferson as the 3rd President of the United States

19. Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion • African Americans were barred from participation in the political system that was emerging • Enslaved African Americans were discussing liberty all around them and some planned a rebellion led by a blacksmith, Gabriel Prosser • They intended to take over Richmond, VA and win their freedom but failed • Prosser and his fellow rebels were executed • Prosser’s Rebellion reminds us that the idea of freedom was yet to be embraced by all

20. Section 3 • The Jefferson Administration

21. Jefferson • Main goal as President was to reduce the power of the federal government • To accomplish this he reversed many federal programs • He reduced the size of the Army and government bureaucracy

22. Marbury v. Madison • Involved the appointment of William Marbury as justice of the peace for the District of Columbia • Secretary of State James Madison (under orders from Jefferson) did not deliver the papers giving Marbury his authority • Marbury sued Madison so that he could take his office (he wanted the Supreme Court to make the order) • The US Supreme Court ruled against Marbury stating that the Supreme Court did not have the authority to tell the Executive Branch what to do

23. Judicial Review • Precedent started by Marbury v. Madison • This case established the Court’s right to decide whether laws passed were Constitutional • It also allowed the Federal courts to review state laws and state court decisions to determine their keeping wth the US Constitution

24. Westward Expansion • Jefferson passed the Land Act of 1800 • Huge supporter of westward expansion • A process by which western territories could now become states • People were able to buy small parcels of land on credit • He also urged Congress to approve the $15 million Louisiana Purchase

25. Napoleon & the French • Farmers in West use the Mississippi River to transport crops • The French had control of these lands in the West now & were extracting large sums of money from traders to use the river • Jefferson send Madison to France to buy the City of New Orleans ($10 million)

26. The Louisiana Purchase • Napoleon wanted to sell the French claim in America known as Louisiana • Monroe, along with the American minister in France offered $15 million for the entire claim • Jefferson had his doubts but because the Constitution did not address the purchase of foreign lands so he encouraged Congress to approve this deal • The Louisiana Purchase greatly increased the size of our national debt and the land size of the United States

27. Louisiana Purchase

28. Lewis & Clark • The Lewis & Clark Expedition began in the spring of 1804 • Congress agreed to finance their exploration of the Louisiana Purchase lands • Sacajawea, a Shoshone Indian, served as a guide for them as well as an interpreter • Their journey lasted two years and four months & provided much information about the lands of the West

29. Election of 1804 • Jefferson’s policies were making him popular • He succeeded in lowering taxes, acquiring vast new territory & allowing the Alien & Sedition Acts to expire • He had also kept the nation at PEACE • Federalists were ANTI-Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson wins the Presidency by an electoral vote of 162-14, beating Charles Pinckney by capturing all but two states

30. Hamilton and Burr • Aaron Burr (who was now a Federalist) was Jefferson’s 1st Vice President but did not run with him in 1804 • Instead he attempted to run for the New York governorship until Alexander Hamilton urged his friends in NY not to support Burr and Burr did not receive the nomination from the Federalists • Burr was tied with Jefferson in 1800 and Hamilton supported Jefferson, this was the 2nd time in Burr’s opinion that Hamilton had prevented him from political office

31. The Duel • Burr was so furious with Hamilton that he challenged him to a duel set for July 11, 1804 • Burr mortally wounded Hamilton, the leader of the Federalist party • Burr was charged w/ murder and fled to NY to avoid prosecution • Eventually Burr tried to invade Mexico & was tried for treason in 1807

32. Embargo of 1807 • Very unpopular with Americans • 1807 – Great Britain ignored the Jay’s Treaty and the Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake (21 people died) • In Retaliation, Jefferson chose an economic weapon to hurt Britain • The Act outlawed almost all trade with foreign countries • Britain’s trade was too big to be hurt by this and the French were largely unaffected as well • Therefore this Embargo ruined Jefferson’s 2nd term because it hurt our economy. • Jefferson ended his 2nd term and retired to his home, Monticello.

33. Section 4 • Native American Resistance

34. Battle of Fallen Timbers • Present day Ohio, new national army known as the Legion was waging battles against Native American tribes • As a result of this battle, the Miami, Delaware, Shawnee , and other Native Americans were forced to accept the Treaty of Grenville (1795) • Treaty relinquished Native American hold on the southern two-thirds of Ohio

35. Native American Reactions • Little Turtle, leader of the Miami people adopted settlers customs in hopes of living in peace • Handsome Lake, of the Seneca tribe, called for the rebirth of Seneca culture that would blend Native American customs with those of white Americans • Handsome Lake later was forced to live on a reservation

36. Returning to Native American Traditions • Tenskwatawa – also known as “the Prophet” called for a return to traditional native American ways and established a community called “Prophetstown” in Indiana • He adopted an attitude that was warlike against the United States aided by his brother, Tecumseh

37. Battle of Tippecanoe • Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa opposed treaties that gave up Native American lands in Indiana to the white settlers • The brothers met with government officials and others to protest the tricks the government used to obtain these lands • The governor, William Henry Harrison agreed at first but then when Tecumseh was away in Mississippi recruiting other tribes, Harrison’s men marched North into Prophetstown. • Tenskwatawa sent warriors to attack Harrison and his men at the Battle of Tippecanoe • A four hour battle with no clear winner – it devastated the morale of the Native Americans • Days later, Prophetstown was burned to the ground

38. Section 5 • The War of 1812

39. War Breaks Out • Following the Battle of Tippecanoe, attacks against the white settlers by Native Americans increased • Most Americans believe that the British are arming and financing the Native Americans in their fight • President Madison, in 1812, urged Congress to declare war against Great Britain • This becomes known was the War of 1812

40. The Land War • America’s army and navy are much smaller than Britain and the U.S. loses a lot of battles • Andrew Jackson sees victory against the British allies, the Creek Indians in Alabama • The Creek Indians sign a treaty and give U.S. lands that are now Alabama & southern Georgia • British are nowhere near ready to give up

41. The Naval War • American victories at sea by the crews of the Constitution (Old Ironsides), the Wasp and the United States raised the country’s morale • Americans lost battles at sea, too. • The dying order of Captain James Lawrence of the Chesapeake was “Don’t give up the ship!”

42. The Burning of Washington DC • In 1814, the British Fleet was surprised by the strength of the American forces that drove them back over the Canadian border • At the same time – the British invaded Washington, DC and the White House, the Capitol & the City were engulfed in flames • As the British moved towards Baltimore, Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner and the British were finally forced to turn back by the Americans

43. Star Spangled Banner “and the rocket’s red glare, the bombs bursting in air – Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. O say, does that Star-spangled Banner yet wave? O’er the land of the free & the home of the brave?” Francis Scott Key 1814

44. The War of 1812 Ends • British and Americans jointly decide that the war is not what they want • Treaty of Ghent (Belgium) is signed, ending war • December 24, 1814 • The United States had now established itself as an independent nation in the eyes of European powers

45. The Battle of New Orleans • Two weeks AFTER the Treaty of Ghent was signed: • the battle was over in one hour • Most of the shooting was in 1st 20-minutes • Americans ended unhappy war on a positive and powerful note • Patriotism was restored, the country was unified and Andrew Jackson was a national hero

46. Missouri • The 1787 Northwest Ordinance stated that no state northwest of the Ohio River could be admitted as a slave state • Missouri was not covered by this law, but Congress debated about its being admitted as a slave state for fear of making the South stronger than the North • Currently there are 11 Northern & 11 Southern states

47. The Missouri Compromise • Signed into law by Congress in 1820 • Two main points • (1) slavery not restricted in Missouri, Maine would be carved out of Massachusetts & admitted as a “free” state & Missouri as a “slave” state • (2)northern lands of the Louisiana Purchase would be closed to slavery