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DOMAIN EUKARYA KINGDOM PROTISTA II

DOMAIN EUKARYA KINGDOM PROTISTA II. Multicellular Protista (Red, Brown, & Green algae). Major primary producers in aquatic systems Provide home for microorganisms and fishes The red and brown algae are primary multicellular and mostly marine organisms

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DOMAIN EUKARYA KINGDOM PROTISTA II

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  1. DOMAIN EUKARYA KINGDOM PROTISTA II

  2. Multicellular Protista (Red, Brown, & Green algae) • Major primary producers in aquatic systems • Provide home for microorganisms and fishes • The red and brown algae are primary multicellular and mostly marine organisms • Green algae contain many unicellular and mostly freshwater • Cellulose is found in the cell wall of the three phyla among others • Green algae store carbs as starch in the chloroplasts • Red algae store food as floridean & brown algae as laminarin, outside the chloroplast • Red algae lack flagella

  3. Origins of chloroplast in Algae • Chloroplast of red algae resembles that of Cyanobacteria [Chl(a), carotenoid, phycobilins] • Chloroplasts of green algae, Euglenoids, & plants resemble that of Prochloron [Chl(a), (b), carotenoids] • Chloroplast of brown algae, Chrysophytes, & diatoms have the same origin! • All have Chl a, c, & fucoxanthin.

  4. BA 1. Brown Algae: Phylum Phaeophyta • Prefer cold agitated, well aerated water (temperate regions) • Common on rocky shores (intertidal zones) • They have a complex anatomy & morphology* • Cell wall contain cellulose & alginic acid (not in other algae) • Reserve food is Laminarin • Range from small filamentous to large multicellular organisms

  5. BA Stipe Holdfast Rockweed Kelp Examples of brown algae that grow in intertidal (shoreline) zone

  6. BA The giant kelps - Are examples of brown algae that grow in deep clear waters (up to 30m) - Brown & red algae provide food (SE Asia)

  7. BA Blade Stipe Kelp, giant seaweed Holdfast

  8. Plurilocular Sporangium http://www.dipbot.unict.it/sistematica/Ectoc_pl.html Brown Algae: Ectocarpus

  9. 2. Green Algae (Phylum Chlorophyta) • Include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular organisms • They are resilient & survive many types of disturbances • Mainly freshwater organisms • Closely related to plants because: • Have chlorophylls a, b, & carotenoids • Store reserve food as starch in the chloroplast • Cell wall contains cellulose

  10. GA Class Chlorophyceae • The only living organisms in which cell division involves a phycoplast (Cleavage furrow) • Zygotic meiosis • Mostly freshwater organisms • Produce red, orange, & green snow • Have flagellated and nonflagellated forms

  11. Chlorophyceae Phycoplast Cleavage furrow Cell plate • It insures that cleavage furrow passes between the daughter cells

  12. GA Motile Unicellular Chlorophyceae • Chlamydomonas: Unicellular • Move by means of two flagella* • Asexual reproduction: haploid cells divide by mitosis producing up to 16 cells • Sexual reproduction*

  13. Chlamedomonas

  14. GA Motile Unicellular Chlorophyceae • Sexual reproduction induced by nitrogen starvation

  15. GA Motile Colonial Chlorophyceae - A colony is an aggregate of independent cells - Daughter colonies detach & form new colonies - Cells’ flagella beat in a coordinate fashion

  16. Motile Colonial Chlorophyceae http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/Bot480/Volvocales%20table%20of%20web%20links.htm

  17. GA Nonmotile Unicellular Chlorophyceae • Example: Chlorella: Lacks flagella, eyespots, and contractile vacuoles • Live in fresh, salt water, and in soil • Reproduce only asexually (mitosis) algae.tcoalternativefuels.com/about-algae

  18. Nonmotile Unicellular Chlorophyceae Chlorococcum oleofaciensFilled with asexual spores

  19. GA http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Chlorophyta/Hydrodictyon/ Nonmotile colonial Chlorophyceae: • Example Hydrodictyon (water net) • in ponds, lakes, and streams

  20. GA Filamentous Chlorophyceae: • Example Oedogonium* • Filamentous green algae are more complex • Each cell has a specific function • Cells are connected by plasmodesmata like plants • Sexual reproduction is oogamous, meiosis is zygotic

  21. http://vis-pc.plantbio.ohiou.edu/Hocking/photos/Oed.html O. gracilius OOgonium

  22. GA Class Ulvophyceae: • Examples: Cladophora and Ulva* • Marine organisms • The only green algae with sporic meiosis • Unlike other green algae, they rarely form dormant zygospores

  23. http://www.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cladoph.htm Ulvophyceae: Chladophora http://www.gettysburg.edu/~rcavalie/bda_i/091.html

  24. GA Ulvophyceae Sea lettuce (Ulva) The thallus is two cells thick and up to a meter long

  25. GA Class Charophyceae • Unicellular, filamentous, and parenchymatous genera • Zygotic meiosis • a. Spirogyra: (freshwater habitats)

  26. GA Conjugation Union of two cells during which genetic material is exchanged • No flagellated stage in its life cycle • Asexual reproduction by fragmentation • Sexual reproduction via conjugation • This forms a zygote which undergo meiosis

  27. GA http://www.aquaweed.com/chara.htm Plants evolved from an extinct member of Charophycease (Coleochaetales & Charales)! • b. Chara (stoneworts) resembles ancestor of land plants! • Like plants they have apical growth (differentiated into nodal & internodal regions) • Produce antheridia & archegonia • Sperms are flagellated • Similar cytokinesis

  28. Cytokinesis in Charophyceae Phragmoplast found in all green algae except chlorophyceae C. In simple Charophytes: Cytokinesis occurs by furrowing D. In advanced Charophytes: like plants (cell plate & plant-like phragmoplast. Spindles not persistent

  29. RA 3. Red Algae: Phylum Rhodophyta • Marine organisms, common to tropical & warm water • Differ from other algae and plants in that: • Contain phycobilin pigments (red), Chloroplasts do not form grana stacks • Food reserves is floridean outside the chloroplast • Cell wall contain cellulose (galactans), calcium carbonate, lack plasmodesmata • Almost all red algae are multicellular • Have no flagellated forms • The source of agar (mucilage material in cell wall)

  30. RA Red Algae: Bonnemaisonia asparagoides http://www.horta.uac.pt/species/Algae/Bonnemaisonia_asparagoides/Bonnemaisonia_asparagoides.htm

  31. RA Red Algae: Bonnemaisonia spp http://www.horta.uac.pt/species/Algae/Bonnemaisonia_asparagoides/Bonnemaisonia_asparagoides.htm

  32. RA http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/presents/Seashore2/75.htm Red Algae: Gelidium amansii

  33. RA http://www.globaldialog.com/~jrice/algae_page/bush_coralline.htm Red Algae: Amphiroa carolline

  34. RA Chondrus crispus Can be up to 1 meter long but generally smaller and more delicate than brown algae

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