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Migration

Migration. Chapter 3. Push and Pull Factors. Push factors are things that push people away from their current place Pull factors are things that pull people to new places E.G. Ravenstein’s theory outlines 11 laws (rules) to geographic migration.

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Migration

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  1. Migration Chapter 3

  2. Push and Pull Factors • Push factors are things that push people away from their current place • Pull factors are things that pull people to new places • E.G. Ravenstein’s theory outlines 11 laws (rules) to geographic migration. • The 11 laws can be divided into 3 main reasons for migration (Economic, Cultural, and Environmental)

  3. Why People Migrate

  4. Intervening Obstacles • In the past, obstacles have been transportation issues • Other physical obstacles like mountains and water have hindered migration • Today’s migrants face obstacles not from physical or transportation issues, but cannot move due to lack of passports or legal documentation. • All countries require some sort of legal documents to allow you into their country

  5. Distance of Migration Ravenstein’s Theory

  6. Characteristics of Migrants

  7. Sources and Destinations of Refugees

  8. Migration Patterns

  9. U.S. Immigration Patterns • 1st era- Settlement of colonies and slave trade • 400,000 were slaves • 2nd era- Europeans migrating to U.S. • 40 million to U.S. • 3rd era- Latin America and Asia • 7 million (Asia) 13 million (Latin America) • Immigration Reform and Control Act • legalized illegal immigrants who entered the United States before January 1, 1982 and had resided there continuously with the penalty of a fine, back taxes due, and admission of guilt. About three million undocumented immigrants were granted legal status.

  10. Latin American and Asian Era • Current wave of migration • China, Philippines, India and Vietnam • Mexico, Dominican Republic, El Salvador • 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act gave documentation to illegal immigrants that entered U.S. • Reason for migration remains the same: economic push/pull factors

  11. Migration from Latin America to the U.S. Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of migrants to the U.S., but migrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

  12. Impact of Migration to U.S. • Immigrants today are not entering a growing country (frontier) but a highly settled region where there is job competition • Cultural backgrounds travel with immigrants which shape the country • Christianity • Government and economic structure and colonial conflicts

  13. Undocumented Immigration • BCIS estimates that there are 7 million illegals • Each year it grows by 350,000 • Expired visas or border crossers • It is illegal to hire an illegal immigrant • Most of the time immigrants are deported back to Mexico if caught…no penalties • Texas, Florida, California and New York are the destinations of most migrants

  14. U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all U.S. immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

  15. U.S. Quota Laws • Established in the 1920’s • Set limits on legal migration • Changed in 1965, 1978 to eventual global quotas • 480,000 family (chain migration) 120,000 employment immigration • Typically only skilled workers are granted visas • Brain Drain in countries where they emigrated from

  16. Economic Migrant or Refugee? • Cuba, Haiti and Vietnam • Mariel boatlift • Cubans were viewed as refugees because Castro was an ally of the Soviet Union • Coup created refugees in Haiti • Communist North Vietnam • Very important to distinguish status

  17. Prejudice against migrants • Early European immigrants faced prejudice • CA voted to deny immigrants access to public services • Kuwait expelled Palestinian guest workers • Fiji wanted only Fijians to control government and Indians to run business • Anti-immigration is attractive

  18. Why do people migrate within a country? • Interregional migration developed U.S. frontier • Population centers moved steadily west • Interior-1830 • Low land prices, canals, steam powered boats • Great Plains-1880 • Farming improved, steel plows, well drilling • South- 1980 • Job opportunities, sunbelt

  19. Migration between regions of the USInterregional Migration

  20. Interregional Migration between countries • Russia • Needed internal migration to develop industry • Komsomol (forced worker program) • Brazil • Moved capital to Brasilia to promote movement of the interior • Indonesia • Gives incentive to move to other islands due to overpopulation • Europe • Economic movement within country for better jobs • India • State of Assam- limits settlement through visas

  21. Migration within one regionIntraregional Migration • Rural-urban migration • Most people live in cities today • People moved to the city for jobs • Urban-suburban migration • Current trend of intraregional migration • Pulled by the lure of suburban lifestyle • Better schools, less crime • Migration from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan regions • Counterurbanization • People wanted to live in the country • Increased transportation allows a city worker to live in a rural area

  22. Intraregional Migration in the U.S. Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

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