What is Nationalism

1. What is Nationalism Idea of Nation and State Specific Identity Sense of Belonging Common symbols and icons Feeling of Oneness and desire for one territory Rise of Indian Nationalism Credit goes to anti-colonial movement Struggled together for freedom Common oppressor: Bond tied different social groups Contribution of Congress ( Gandhiji ) in Freedom Struggle Different people troubled differently Notion of freedom also differend Gandhiji: Brought different social groups together Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

2. World War – I & India Importance of Year 1919 in Indian Freedom Struggle Struggle spread to new areas New social groups joined the struggle New modes of struggle developed Impact of the World War – I on Freedom Struggle Huge increase in DEFENCCE EXPENDITURE Custom duty was Increased and Income Tax Introduced How WW – I Troubled the Indian? Prices almost doubled between 1913 – 1918 Forced Recruitment Acute food shortage (crops failed) in 1918-19 and 1020 – 21 Influenza epidemic killed 12 - 13 million people British made some promises to India to get their cooperation but didn’t fulfilled them. Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

3. M.K. Gandhi: Idea of Satyagraha Satyagraha: A Philosophy proposed by Mahatma Gandhi Gandhiji successfully practiced it in South Africa It emphasized on power of truth and search for it Force is not necessary to fight if: The cause of it is true Struggle is against injustice Expectation from a Satyagrahi: Never resorts to violence Never becomes aggressive never seeks vengeance Appeal is made to the conscience of the oppressor People should be made to see the truth rather than force to accept it Gandhi Belief: Truth always triumphs Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

4. Trial of Satyagraha: An Experiment 1916: Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar Farmers of Champaran were forced to grow Indigo on a part of land Indigo cultivation was gainful for landlords but torture for tenants Gandhi went to Champaran and did satyagraha Result: More compensation were given to farmers Farmers were given control over farming Cancellation of famine hike till famine is ended Gandhiji was given titles of Mahatma He was also lovingly call Bapu Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

5. Trial of Satyagraha: An Experiment 2) 1917: Kheda Satyagraha in Gujarat Farmers had to pay taxes Farmers were in trouble due to Crop failure and plague epidemic Demand was to decrease taxes Farmers didn’t pay taxes, their land and property confiscated Farmers struggled using Non-violence and didn’t resist arrest Result: Confiscated land was returned to farmers Amount of tax was reduced Tax was suspended for current and next year Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

6. Trial of Satyagraha: An Experiment 3) 1918: Satyagraha for Cotton Mill Workers in Ahmedabad s r D F F Result: C A T Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

7. The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act Why this Act Passed to control activities of the Indian against the British Why Indians hated the Act Imperial Legislative Council passed it Passed in spite strong opposition of Indian members Clauses/Provisions of the Act: Arrest on suspicion Arrest without warrant Detention for two years without trial Imposed stricter control on press Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

8. The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act Rawlatt Satyagraha Gandhiji decided to protest the act He decided to use non-violent civil disobedience It was the first large scale satryagrah Began on 6th April 1919 with Hartal (strike) Rallies were organized Railway workshop workers went on strike Shops closed down Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

9. The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act Rawlatt Satyagraha: Govt. Response Govt. Fear: Disruption of Lines of Communication (railway, telegraph etc.) Local leaders were asserted in Amritsar out of fear Gandhiji was debarred front entering Delhi Events of April 10, 1919 and onwards Police fine on peaceful precession in Amritsar Indian attacked govt. buildings in reaction General Dyer was took command and imposed Martial Law in Amritsar Martial law prohibits public gathering at any place till in force Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

10. The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act 13th April 1919: JallianwallaBagh Incident Location and Background The infamous massacre took place in Amritsar, Punjab JallianwalaBagh was a ground with a wall Compound JallianwalaBagh had only one entrance gate Martial Law was in force but people were gathered in bagh Most of the people were not aware about the Martial Law People came for morning walk People from outstation came for Baisakhi fair Some protesters came for protest Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

11. The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act General Dyer and Massacre General Dyer blocked the entrance Open fired without warning Fire continued till the ammunition was not exhausted Thousands of people died and another thousands were injured His objective was the create “produce a moral effect” He wanted to create terror and awe in the Indian minds Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

12. The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act Aftermath of the Jallianwala Massacre Response of the Indians: People crowded the streets of North India Strikes were commonplace Clash between people and police Attacks on government buildings Reply of the Government: Practiced brutally repression to terrorize and humiliation Satyagrahishad to rub nose on unground, crawl on streets, salam to sahibs People were flogged Some villages were bombed Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

13. After the Rawlatt Act Gandhiji learnt the lesson Movement failed because limited to cities and towns only New broad based movement was needed Hindu-Muslim unity must for any mass movement So, he collaborated with Khilafat Movement KHILAFAT Movement (Leader: Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali) King of Turkey was also Religious Leader (Khalifa) of Muslims in the world It was to defend the religious authority of the King of Turkey Turkey fought WW – l with Central Powers was lost Muslims wanted to pressurize British not to humiliate their KHALIFA Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

14. KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION: MERGER HINDU – MUSLIM UNITY Gandhiji’s wish: Hindu Muslim Unity Ali Brothers approached Gandhiji Gandhiji saw the opportunity to bring both community UMBRELLA OF UNIFIED NATIONAL MOVEMENT September 1920, Nagpur Session of INC, Gandhi convinced Congress to launch Non-Cooperation Movement in support with Khilafat Movement Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

15. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT Why Non-Cooperation Movement? Gandhiji gave his theory of NON-COOPERATION through “Hind Swaraj” 1909 Reason for British Raj in India is Cooperation from Indians. If India stop cooperation, British Rule would collapse just in a year The Stages of the Movement Stage 1: Surrender of degrees and titles awarded by the British Stage 2: Boycott Civil Services Army Police Courts and legislative councils Schools Foreign goods Stage 3: Full Civil Disobedience if Govt used repressive measures Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

16. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT Campaign for Non-Cooperation Movement Gandhiji and Shaukat Ali toured extensively to mobilize public support Role of Congress in the Movement Two Views within the Congress Supporters: They wanted to launch the movement Reluctants: a. They didn’t want to council elections b. Movement may be violent. Tussle was fierce Congress on the verge of partition Nagpur Session(1920): A compromise worked out Non-Cooperation + Khilafat Movement began on January 1921 Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com Isatyak Khan YouTube Channel: khansironline

17. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – TOWNS Popular Involvement Mostly middle classes form cities Thousands of students left govt. schools and colleagues Teachers and headmasters, too, resigned from jobs Lawyers gave up legal practices Council elections were elected in most of provinces Exception: Justice Party, a non-Brahmin party, participated in elections Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com Isatyak Khan YouTube Channel: khansironline

18. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – TOWNS Impact on British Economy Economically the highly disappointing for British Foreign goods were boycotted Liquor shops picketed Foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires Import of English cloth declined Value of imported cloth reduced from 102 to 57 cores (1921-1922) Merchants and trades refused to trade foreign goods Huge boost was recorded in production of India textile Textile mills and handlooms emerged in India Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com Isatyak Khan YouTube Channel: khansironline

19. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – COUNTRYSIDE Awadh: Farmers’ Movement: The Leader: Baba Ramchandra A Sanyasi Had been indentured labourer in Fiji the movement was targeted against the Talukdars and Landlords: Why? Demanded exorbitant high rents Had to beg without payment As tenant no security tenure Regularly evicted, so no right over leased land Demands Reduction of Revenue b. Abolition of beggar c. Social boycott of oppressive landlords Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com Isatyak Khan YouTube Channel: khansironline

20. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – COUNTRYSIDE Awadh: Farmers’ Movement: Execution Nai-dhobi band organized By Panchayats Objective to deprive oppressor from these services Role of Nehru In June 1920, toured Awadh and understood farmers problems By October 1920, Set up AudhKisanSabha with Baba Ramchandra and others 300 branched of AudhKisanSabha within a month AudhKisanSabha joined next year when Non-cooperation movement started Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com Isatyak Khan YouTube Channel: khansironline

21. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – COUNTRYSIDE Awadh: Farmers’ Movement: Congress Unhappy with???? Culmination of Awadh Movement of Farmers Kind of movement developed that Gandhiji never accepted Houses of Talukdars and merchants were attacked Bazaars were looted Grains hoard were taken over Rumours were spread in Gandhiji’s name Lie: Gandhiji told tax not to be paid land to be redistributed Gandhiji’s name used to sanction all actions and aspirations Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com Isatyak Khan YouTube Channel: khansironline

22. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – Tribal Region • Tribals of Gudem Hills, Andhra Pradesh • Participate but interpreted Swaraj in different way • Had been Militant Guerrilla Movement • Why Gudemtribals participated in the movement? • Large forest areas were closed • Grazing cattle were prohibited • Collecting firewood and fruits were prohibited • Felt not only lost livelihood but traditional rights • Immediate Cause of Revolt • Forced Begar for road construction Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com Isatyak Khan YouTube Channel: khansironline

23. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – Tribal Region • Leadership of Gudem Hills Revolt • Alluri Sitaram Raju emerged as leader • Claimed to have magical powers • Could make correct astrological prediction • Heal people • Could survive the bullet shots • People belief: Incarnation of God • Raju-Strong supporter of Gandhi- His teachings • Proved greatness of Gandhiji • Persuaded to participate in non-cooperation and wear khadi • Asked people to refrain form evils like drinking and gambling Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com Isatyak Khan YouTube Channel: khansironline

24. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – Tribal Region • Raju different from Gandhiji • Swaraj can be achieved only by force not by non-violence • Actions of Tribals of Gudem hills • Attacked police stations • Attempted to kill British officials • Carried on guerrilla warfare for swaraj • Arrested and executed in 1924 • Later became a hero in folklore Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com Isatyak Khan YouTube Channel: khansironline

25. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – PLANTATION • Condition of Plantation Workers (Assam) • Workers were confined in plantations • Inland Immigration Act: Couldn’t move out of plantation without permission • Meaning of Swaraj for Plantation Workers • Freedom to move freely in and out of enclosed plantation • Permission to maintain link with their land and people • When heart of the Movement… • Defied the authorities → left plantation → headed homewards • Belief: Gandhi Raj → land for everyone in his village • End of Non-cooperation in Plantation • Due to Strike in Railway, they couldn’t reach home • Arrested and taken back to plantation like slaves Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com Isatyak Khan YouTube Channel: khansironline

26. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – PHILOSOPHY OF SWARAJ • Congress didn’t define the vision of Swaraj • Different groups interpreted in different ways • Swaraj was seen as end of all of their troubles • Above all, even rural and tribal groups became the part of a National Movement for the first time Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com Isatyak Khan YouTube Channel: khansironline

27. TOWARDS THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com Isatyak Khan YouTube Channel: khansironline

28. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – PHILOSOPHY OF SWARAJ • Background • Some Congress leaders fed up of mass movements • Govt. of India Act (1919) provisioned for provincial election • Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das wanted to participate in Provincial Elections • Wanted to oppose British policies from within • Argue for reform • Expose undemocratic nature of English assembly Isatyak Khan https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com Isatyak Khan YouTube Channel: khansironline