KEY TERMS Containment Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan United Nations

2. KEY TERMS Containment Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan United Nations Berlin Airlift North Atlantic Treaty Organization Warsaw Pact

3. THE COLD WAR 1945-1992 • State of hostility between nations without actual fighting • Intense rivalry, competition • Heats up, thaws • United States vs Soviet Union • spread political and economic influence • formation of military alliances • arms race • supported opposing sides in several civil wars

4. Post-WW II Situation • European nations in economic chaos • factories bombed by Allies or looted by Soviets • limited raw materials and/or power • Black Markets established • Some European governments not functioning • Millions of people in refugee camps • Winter of 1945/46 one of worst in centuries • Crops damaged – rationing (below war levels) • Fuel shortages

5. BURNED OUT BUILDINGS IN HAMBURG, GERMANY

6. THE UNITED NATIONS

7. The founding of the UNITED NATIONS in 1945 was a hopeful sign for the future of POST-WAR COOPERATION

8. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY • Created to provide representation to all member nations • Many organizations were a part of the General Assembly

9. SECURITY COUNCIL • 15 members, 5 permanent – US, SOVIET UNION, CHINA, FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN- 10 floating • Each permanent member has the VETO power • Maintains international security and authorizes Peacekeeping” missions

11. A NEW FOREIGN POLICY • Soviet forces remain in occupation of countries in central and eastern Europe • Communist dictators come to power – the Soviets claim they need a “buffer zone” • US, Britain alarmed at the flagrant disregard of self-determination, free democratic elections, and open markets • An “iron curtain” had descended across the continent of Europe

13. “from Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic”

14. The Long Telegram - 1946 • Written by George Keenan (American Embassy in Moscow) to explain his views of the Soviet Union a. Longstanding fear of the West b. because of a., it would be impossible to reach any permanent settlement • US policy should be “a long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies” • Due to Soviet political and economic weaknesses, in time the Soviet system would fall apart • So, the US needs to keep the Soviets from expanding their power

15. Crisis in Iran – March 1946 • During WW II, US troops in southern Iran and Soviet troops in Northern Iran to secure a supply line. Troops to be withdrawn after the war. • Soviet troops remain; Stalin demands access to Iranian oil; helps local Communists in northern Iran to establish a separate government • US demand the Soviets withdraw; USS Missouri sails into the Mediterranean • Soviets withdraw; promised a Soviet-Iranian oil company • Iranian parliament rejects the plan

16. The Policy of Containment - 1947 • “I’m tired of babying the Soviets.” Truman • A partnership of Western democracies to halt the expansion of the communism • Communism must not expand outside the Soviet Union or Eastern Europe • Governed US foreign policy for decades • No more appeasement – wherever it occurred, Communist aggression must be challenged

17. First implementation of the POLICY OF CONTAINMENT Two Threats COMMUNIST uprising in Greece Soviet demands for the Dardanelles THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE - 1947

18. In March, 1947, President Truman asked Congress for $400 million in aid to assist the “FREE PEOPLES” of GREECE and TURKEY against “TOTALITARIAN REGIMES” • Much support in the U.S. Congress

19. MARSHALL PLAN – 1947-1951 • $12.5 billion to European nations to revive their economies • Strengthen democratic governments • Must submit a proposal for funds to the US; US then approves the aid • Soviets refuse to take aid Countries receiving MARSHALL PLAN aid. Who received the most? Why?

20. EFFECTS of the new Foreign Policy: • massive infusion of US dollars into Europe • Western Europe is self-sustaining by 1950s • US prosperity increases as imports to Europe increase • Communist parties in Western Europe were weakened • Deepens the rift between non-Communist West and Communist East • Soviets denounce Marshall Plan as an “imperialist plot” by the United States to dominate Europe

21. THE BERLIN AIRLIFTJune 1948-May 1949

22. PRELUDE TO A CONFLICT • At the end of WW II, a defeated Germany was divided among the victors • The Soviet Union took control of the EASTERN HALF of the country • The U.S., Britain, and France were in control of the WESTERN HALF

24. The capital city of BERLIN, located 120 miles inside the Soviet sector, was also divided between the ALLIES. • The city was controlled by the THE ALLIED KOMMANDATURA

25. The first major conflict in the COLD WAR was THE BERLIN AIRLIFT • In June,1948, the Soviets cut all land and water access to Berlin • Truman dismissed ideas to leave Berlin or to use force to open the roads • Why?

26. By 1948, it was clear that differing IDEOLOGIES would result in no compromises about Berlin • The SOVIETS wanted to force the Western powers out by closing all access to the city • Armed intervention would certainly cause WW III, so it was decided to supply the city by air. “OPERATION VITTLES” was organized • The plan was for AMERICANS and BRITISH to fly in the 3,475 tons of supplies daily- immpossible? possible? • Truman was determined not to abandoned the city – Why?

27. Food was rationed in the city COAL, FLOUR, and MEDICINE were deemed the most important items A plane landed in BERLIN every TWO MINUTES, 24 HOURS A DAY FOR 13 MONTHS

28. LT Halvorsen became known as the “CHOCOLATE FLIER” because as he flew over BERLIN, he dropped HERSHEY CHOCOLATE BARS from his plane • The children of BERLIN watched for these special parachutes of CHOCOLATE

29. By April of 1949, the success of the BERLIN AIRLIFT was beyond expectations • German volunteers loaded and unloaded the planes • The SOVIETS had to back down

30. May 12, 1949, the BERLIN AIRLIFT is over • 2.3 million tons of supplies were delivered by 277,560 flights • Each of the ALLIES received an AIR CORRIDOR and a LAND CORRIDOR into the city

31. The Berlin Airlift showed American resolve not to capitulate against Soviet aggression • 31 Americans lost their lives in the greatest humanitarian aviation event in history Memorial to the Berlin Airlift at Tegal Airport

32. NATO and National Securitythe North Atlantic Treaty Organization (blue) The Warsaw Pact (red) The most successful military alliance in history

33. Truman breaks with tradition and joins a peacetime military alliance to protect Western Europe • US, Canada and 10 European nations • General Eisenhower is NATO’s first Supreme Commander; US troops are stationed in Western Europe as a deterrent against Soviet invasion • Containment policy leads to military buildup and major commitments abroad • Soviet Union counters with the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance for the defense of the Communist states of Eastern Europe • “Keep the Russians out, the Germans down, and the Americans in.”

34. NATIONAL SECURITY ACT 1947The United States modernizes its military capability Centralized Department of Defense coordinates the operations of the Army, Navy, Air Force National Security Council (NSC) coordinate the making of foreign policy Central Intelligence Agency employ spies to gather information on foreign governments Selective Service peace time draft instituted Voice of America radio broadcasts behind the Iron Curtain

35. ATOMIC WEAPONSTHE ARMS RACE UNITED STATES SOVIET UNION 1949 – the Soviets test their first atomic bomb An H-Bomb is exploded in the Soviet Union in 1953 The Soviet air force builds its super bomber • For four years, 1945-1949, only the US had atomic weapons • The “H-Bomb” is developed - 1,000 x more powerful than Hiroshima • Developed a new generation of long range bombers

36. B – 52 Intercontinental Strategic Bomber

37. NSC - 68 • A secret report issued by the National Security Council (NSC) that militarized American foreign policy • In order to fight the Cold War, the following must occur: • Quadruple defense spending • Form alliances with non-Communist countries • Use public opinion to support the arms build up for national security “There was practically nothing the country could not do if it wanted to do it.”

38. National Defense Budget – 1940-1964

39. Nuclear “superiority” – a dangerous and delusive dream

40. Truman vs. Eisenhower “Containment”[George Kennan] “Brinksmanship”[John Foster Dulles] • Mutual security agreements • Massive retaliation • M. A. D. • “Domino Theory” • CIA & covert operations • Eisenhower Doctrine • “$ Diplomacy” – Part II • Marshall Plan • Truman Doctrine • Berlin Airlift • NATO • NSC #68 • Korean War

41. M.A.D. – Mutual Assured Destruction - Peace through mutual terror