Mastering Instrument Navigation Basics for Attitude Flying Techniques

1. Radio Instrument (RI) Basics Created: 23 Jun 2016 Updated: 23 Jun 2016 T6BDriver.com

2. Objectives • Be familiar with navigation instruments inclusion to instrument scan • Have an understanding of the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) parts and operational concepts • Have an operational understanding of the Bearing Pointers • Be familiar with radial intercept indications for both double-the-angle intercepts (DAI) and 45 degree intercepts • Comprehend and be able to apply the “6-Ts”

3. Instrument Scan • Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas:

4. Instrument Scan • Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas: • Control Instruments – provide an indication of attitude & power (pitch/bank/torque)

5. Instrument Scan • Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas: • Control Instruments – provide an indication of attitude & power (pitch/bank/torque) • Performance Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts actual performance (altitude/airspeed/heading)

6. Instrument Scan Glide Slope Indicator • Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas: • Control Instruments – provide an indication of attitude & power (pitch/bank/torque) • Performance Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts actual performance (altitude/airspeed/heading) • Navigation Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts position/orientation to navaids (CDI/bearing pointer/DME/ILS) Localizer DME CDI Bearing Pointer

7. Instrument Scan • Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas: • Control Instruments – provide an indication of attitude & power (pitch/bank/torque) • Performance Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts actual performance (altitude/airspeed/heading) • Navigation Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts position/orientation to navaids (CDI/bearing pointer/DME/ILS) • I21XX block taught basic instrument scan utilizing control & performance instruments

8. Instrument Scan • Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas: • Control Instruments – provide an indication of attitude & power (pitch/bank/torque) • Performance Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts actual performance (altitude/airspeed/heading) • Navigation Instruments – provides an indication of aircrafts position/orientation to navaids (CDI/bearing pointer/DME/ILS) • I21XX block taught basic instrument scan utilizing control & performance instruments • I22XX block incorporates navigation instruments into scan • Do not stare at the nav instruments! • Scan & read them like you would performance instruments

9. Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) • Part of the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) CDI

10. Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) • Part of the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) • Top-Down view for pictorial presentation of course to aircraft

11. Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) • Part of the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) • Top-Down view for pictorial presentation of course to aircraft • PFD Source Line Selection Key (LSK) • Indicates the driving navigational source for the CDI • Can be VOR/LOC, FMS, or Off (show no CDI)

12. CDI Navigational Source • Select VOR/LOC navigation as source is indicated by white coloring

13. CDI Navigational Source • Select VOR/LOC navigation as source is indicated by white coloring • PFD Source indicates VOR or LOC (in white) CDI Nav Source

14. CDI Navigational Source • Select VOR/LOC navigation as source is indicated by white coloring • PFD Source indicates VOR or LOC (in white) • Annunciators show tuned frequency & DME (in white) Tuned Freq DME

15. CDI Navigational Source • Select VOR/LOC navigation as source is indicated by white coloring • PFD Source indicates VOR or LOC (in white) • Annunciators show tuned frequency & DME (in white) • CDI is displayed (in white) CDI

16. CDI Navigational Source • Select VOR/LOC navigation as source is indicated by white coloring • PFD Source indicates VOR or LOC (in white) • Annunciators show tuned frequency & DME (in white) • CDI is displayed (in white) • Course Selection LSK appears at bottom (in white) Selected Course

17. CDI Navigational Source • Select FMS navigation as source is indicated by magenta coloring (more in the I32XX block)

18. CDI Navigational Source • Select FMS navigation as source is indicated by magenta coloring (more in the I32XX block) • PFD Source indicates FMS (in magenta) CDI Nav Source

19. CDI Navigational Source • Select FMS navigation as source is indicated by magenta coloring (more in the I32XX block) • PFD Source indicates FMS (in magenta) • Annunciators • Desired Track (DTK) – as set by FMS • Waypoint name (magenta) • Along Track Distance (ATD) – distance between waypoints • FMS phase of flight (ENR, TERM, & APR) – indicates CDI scale Desired Track Waypoint Name ATD FMS phase of flt

20. CDI Navigational Source • Select FMS navigation as source as indicated by magenta coloring (more in the I32XX block) • PFD Source indicates FMS (in magenta) • Annunciators • Desired Track (DTK) – as set by FMS • Waypoint name (magenta) • Along Track Distance (ATD) – distance between waypoints • FMS phase of flight (ENR, TERM, & APR) – indicates CDI scale • CDI is displayed (in magenta) CDI

21. CDI Components • Head • Oriented to compass rose for pictorial view to aircraft • Indicates selected course when PFD Source is VOR/LOC • Indicates desired track when PFD source is FMS Head

22. CDI Components • Head • Oriented to compass rose for pictorial view to aircraft • Indicates selected course when PFD Source is VOR/LOC • Indicates desired track when PFD source is FMS • Tail Tail

23. CDI Components • Head • Oriented to compass rose for pictorial view to aircraft • Indicates selected course when PFD Source is VOR/LOC • Indicates desired track when PFD source is FMS • Tail • Deviation Bar & Scale • Indicates lateral deviation from selected course or track • Pictorial in nature • Dots indicate scale – (VOR) 1 Dot = 5 radials / 2 Dots = 10 radials Deviation Bar Deviation Scale

24. CDI Components • Head • Oriented to compass rose for pictorial view to aircraft • Indicated selected course when PFD Source is VOR/LOC • Indicates desired track when PFD source is FMS • Tail • Deviation Bar & Scale • Indicates lateral deviation from selected course or track • Pictorial in nature • Dots indicate scale – (VOR) 1 Dot = 5 radials / 2 Dots = 10 radials • TO/FROM Arrow • Indicates if the selected course takes the aircraft to or from the navaid TO/FROM Arrow

25. CDI Operations • Always T-I-M the desired navaid first

26. CDI Operations • Always T-I-M the desired navaid first • Determine what course to enter • Can be given by approach procedure or navigational chart Required Course to follow

27. CDI Operations • Always T-I-M the desired navaid first • Determine what course to enter • Can be given by approach procedure or navigational chart • Going TO or FROM a navaid makes a difference in your desired course you will enter for the CDI display

28. CDI Operations • Always T-I-M the desired navaid first • Determine what course to enter • Can be given by approach procedure or navigational chart • Going TO or FROM a navaid makes a difference in your desired course you will enter for the CDI display • FROM a navaid – Course and radial are the same Outbound Course is same as Radial

29. CDI Operations • Always T-I-M the desired navaid first • Determine what course to enter • Can be given by approach procedure or navigational chart • Going TO or FROM a navaid makes a difference in your desired course you will enter for the CDI display • FROM a navaid – Course and radial are the same • TO a navaid – Course is reciprocal of radial “Inbound turn it around” 094 Inbound Course is reciprocal of Radial

30. CDI Operations • Ways to compute reciprocal heading • Add/subtract 180

31. CDI Operations Reciprocal of radial 160? 1 6 0 +2 -2__ 3 4 0 Reciprocal or course is 340 • Ways to compute reciprocal heading • Add/subtract 180 • +2/-2 method Reciprocal of radial 330? 3 3 0 -2 +2__ 1 5 0 Reciprocal or course is 150

32. CDI Operations • Ways to compute reciprocal heading • Add/subtract 180 • +2/-2 method • Enter radial into CRS and look at tail of CDI needle Reciprocal of 360 radial? Enter 360 in CRS Look at Tail Reciprocal is 180

33. CDI Operations • Ways to compute reciprocal heading • Add/subtract 180 • +2/-2 method • Enter radial into CRS and look at tail of CDI needle • Use relevance to needle or benchmark Reciprocal of 020 radial? Radial is 20 deg to right Go 20 deg to left Reciprocal is 200

34. CDI Operations • Enter the desired course • Press LSK under CRS display • UFCP keys W4 for data entry (note symbol in pic) • Enter desired course Course LSK Enter desired course in W4

35. CDI Operations • Enter the desired course • Press LSK under CRS display • UFCP keys W4 for data entry (note symbol in pic) • Enter desired course • Direction of turn • Top-down view and pictorial • Which way does the aircraft have to turn to get to the CDI bar?

36. CDI Operations • Tracking/Corrections (no ground track pointer) • CDI bar centered when exactly on selected course • CDI bar deviates to indicate off course • Wind is from direction of bar (from the right in picture) • Pictorial direction of turn to get back on course (right) • Fly heading that will re-intercept course and center CDI bar • Need to be aware of how much correction is being used (7 deg to the right in picture) • As CDI bar returns to center, take out half of the drift correction (bracket technique) • Do not return to original heading (360) as you will go off course again • Now holding 3 deg of right drift correction to stay on course (distance between heading & CDI)

37. CDI Operations • Tracking/Corrections (with ground track pointer) • CDI bar centered when exactly on selected course • Note that Grnd Track Ptr shows wind corrected track is pushing aircraft to left of heading & course • CDI bar deviates to indicate off course • Wind is from direction of bar (from the right in picture) • Pictorial direction of turn to get back on course (right) • Fly heading that will re-intercept course and center CDI bar • Turn to get both heading & Grnd Track Ptr to correct side of CDI • As CDI bar returns to center, turn to place Grnd Track Ptr over CDI head (“light the candle”) • Now holding 3 deg of right drift correction to stay on course (distance between Heading & Grnd Track Ptr)

38. CDI Operations • Tracking/Corrections (with ground track pointer) • Use caution when heavy winds are present causing large drift corrections • Ensure both heading and ground track pointer indicate a correction back to course • Possible to have a heading showing a correction while ground track pointer does not Heading shows correction back to course Ground Track Pointer shows insufficient correction to get back on course

39. CDI Operations • Station Passage • Main indication is TO/FROM flag flip • Supporting indication when Bearing Pointer present - Pointer moves thru 3/9 O’Clock position Aircraft proceeding TO station Aircraft passed over and now proceeding FROM station

40. Bearing Pointers • Part of the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) • Top-Down view for pictorial presentation of station/waypoint from aircraft

41. Bearing Pointer Navigational Source • Bearing Pointer Line Selection Key (LSK) • Indicates the driving navigational source for the pointers • Can be VOR, FMS, or OFF (show no needle) Source LSK Source LSK

42. Bearing Pointer Components • #1 Bearing Pointer • Single needle with circle at head • Always colored green • Can select VOR, FMS, or OFF (no needle) • Normal selection is VOR for standardization #1 Pointer Source LSK #1 Pointer Identifier & Info #1 Pointer Head #1 Pointer Tail

43. Bearing Pointer Components • #1 Bearing Pointer • Single needle with circle at head • Always colored green • Can select VOR, FMS, or OFF (no needle) • Normal selection is VOR for standardization • #2 Bearing Pointer • Double needle with diamond at head • Always colored cyan (fancy word for light blue) • Can select VOR, FMS, or OFF (no needle) • Normal selection is FMS for standardization #2 Pointer Source LSK #2 Pointer Identifier & Info #2 Pointer Head #2 Pointer Tail

44. Bearing Pointer Operations • Always T-I-M the desired navaid first

45. Bearing Pointer Operations • Always T-I-M the desired navaid first • Aircraft position is always on the tail of the needle at whatever distance the DME indicates Aircraft is on the Battle Ground VOR Radial 016

46. Bearing Pointer Operations • Always points directly at the station or waypoint • Aircraft heading does not matter • Pictorial in nature on HSI

47. Bearing Pointer Operations • Needle movement • Consider movement relative to aircraft heading • Head of needle always falls • Tail of needle always rises “Heads will fall, Tails will rise” Head of needle will “fall” away from aircraft heading Tail of needle will “rise” toward aircraft heading

48. Bearing Pointer Operations • Needle movement • Consider movement relative to aircraft heading • Head of needle always falls • Tail of needle always rises “Heads will fall, Tails will rise” • Desired course • No CDI to indicate your desired course to track • Use heading bug to set desired course (technique) • Gives a pictorial representation of where needle should be Set hdg bug to desired track

49. Bearing Pointer Operations • Corrections • Turn direction indicated by “Tail – Radial – Turn” • Do not use Course….must use Radial • Example Outbound • Note that Course and Radial are the same going outbound Go from Tail to Desired Radial = Turn direction

50. Bearing Pointer Operations • Corrections • Turn direction indicated by “Tail – Radial – Turn” • Do not use Course….must use Radial • Example Outbound • Note that Course and Radial are the same going outbound • Example Inbound • Note that the desired Course is 180…which is the 360 Radial • Have to look at bottom of HSI for correction direction Go from Tail to Desired Radial = Turn direction