The Creation of a New Nation Am I – Unit 3 R. M. Tolles George Washington - 1st

1. The Creation of a New NationAm I – Unit 3R. M. TollesGeorge Washington - 1st

2. Ratification of the New Constitution Rather than unanimous acceptance, the Convention adopted a two-thirds ratification rule. Ratification would be done through specially elected constitutional conventions in each state. Federalist Papers: • Written by Jay, Hamilton, and Madison • Collection of essays in favor of the new Constitution in New York newspapers to muster support for ratification

3. Problems with ratification: Rhode Island and North Carolina refused to ratify – Congress had to threaten them with a high tariff to get them to ratify. • US was on its second constitution in a dozen years with little domestic and foreign confidence in the American government. Some compromises were built in the Constitution to promote ratification.

4. Great Compromise • Great Compromise – compromise reached was a bi-cameral legislature with representation in House by population and in the Senate equally • large state plan – representation by population • small state plan – representation should be equal

5. 3/5s Compromise • Three-Fifths Compromise – compromise reached was slaves would be counted as 3/5s of a person • South said slaves should be counted into their population, but North said no • It was agreed that slavery would be abolished 20 years after ratification of the Constitution.

6. Interpretation of the Constitution Thomas Jefferson – strict interpretation (constructionist) national government should exercise no powers that are not specifically granted in the Constitution all unspoken powers are reserved for the state governments Alexander Hamilton – loose interpretation (constructionist) cited elastic clause of the Constitution – Congress may pass any laws “necessary and proper” to carry out its granted powers

7. Political Parties Constitution doesn’t provide for political parties. Political parties resulted from ideological clash between Jefferson and Hamilton: • interpretation of Constitution • financial policy • foreign policy Federalists– led by Hamilton: • strong centralgovernment • positive relations with England • favored upper class Democrat-Republicans – led by Jefferson: • strong state government • positive relations with France • favored common man

8. George Washington – Father of the United States Unanimously named president by the Electoral College. Sworn into New York City – the temporary capitol of the United States Compromise – New Capital would be placed in the middle of the country in an independent district – The District of Columbia Designer hired by Washington - Pierre Charles L'Enfant On September 9, 1791, the three commissioners overseeing the capital's construction named the city in honor of President Washington.

9. THE NATION BEGINS • Washington’s Presidency • Served 2 terms---1789 to 1797 • VP: John Adams 2. US Problems = Solutions • Government on paper but not in practice • Precedents • Develops first • Cabinet----Hamilton vs Jefferson • Supreme Court • Debt • Excise taxes and tariffs • Bank of United States (BUS) in 1792 • Confidence in new Constitution • Whiskey Rebellion • Successfully put down by Washington, 1794 notes1

10. Washington's First Cabinet cabinet Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government Department of State-----Foreign affairs • Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State Department of Treasury---Financial affairs • Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury Department of War-------------------Military affairs • Henry Knox----Secretary of War Attorney General----------------------Legal affairs • Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice Postmaster General-------------------Postal system • Samuel Osgood

11. FIRST SUPREME COURT • President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Court • 3 from North and 3 from South • Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court. • Marbury v. Madison – judicial review, ruled that the Supreme Court is to rule of over the constitutionality of law • McCulloch v. Maryland – reenforced federal power by providing support for lower appeals courts. John Jay first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

12. Domestic Policy • Domestic Policy – What is it? Does every President have one? YES • Washington was the first – started as a need to fix lasting problems from the Revolution… • Constitutional Ratification • Bill of Rights • Financial Instability • Currency • Debt • Whiskey Rebellion • Rebellions

13. HAMILTON VS. JEFFERSON • Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a valuable role in the beginning of our nation. • Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially. • President Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.

14. Jefferson Favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution’s elastic clause; Congress should act only when “necessary”. Believed in adhering closely to the specifically listed powers included in the Constitution. Views on Strict versus loose interpretation of the Constitution: the Elastic Clause Hamilton • Favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution’s elastic clause about making all “necessary and proper” laws; Congress could act whenever it was “proper”. Believed in the implied powers included in the Constitution.

15. HAMILTON'S FINANCIAL PLAN Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt problems: • Pay off $80 million debt • Excise tax:Taxes placed on manufactured products • Tariff: a tax on imports • Establish good credit with foreign nations • Create a national bank with a national currency • Raise money for govt backed by gold silver Foreign Debt $11,710,000 Federal Domestic Debt $42,414,000 State Debt $21,500,000 Misc.Revenue ExciseTaxon Whiskey CustomDuties(Tariffs)‏ Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called the Assumption Act led to the creation of Washington, D.C. debt

16. BANK OF THE U.S. BUS HAMILTON • Safe place to deposit and transfer money • Provide loans to government and state banks • A national currency---$$$$$ • An investment by people to buy stock into US bank • Constitution did not forbid a national bank….Loose construction of Constitution • National debt good for country JEFFERSON • Against the Constitution • State banks would collapse • Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control bank than control the government • Hurt the common man • Strict construction…If it is not mentioned in the Constitution than there can’t be a national bank. • Against a national debt

17. Views on the National Bank:the BUS! Hamilton Wanted Congress to charter one, sell some if its stock to individuals; this would be good for investors in the bank. Jefferson A national bank is not “necessary,” so it is not authorized under the Constitution; such a bank would benefit commercial classes, not the farmers Jefferson favored.

18. Economic Nationalism • Encourage Creativity & Inventiveness. • Create a Transportation Infrastructure. • Create a Pro-Business Atmosphere. Role ofGovt. Jefferson’s Vision of America Hamilton’s Vision of America

19. Why Whiskey? Farmers had a hard time getting their grain to market, so they turned their grain into whiskey, which was easier to transport. They received more money for the whiskey anyway. Farmers traded the whiskey for salt, sugar, and other goods. Farmers used whiskey as money to get whatever supplies they needed. Farmers did not have the money to pay for the tax.

20. The Government Responds Alexander Hamilton wanted the government to look strong. He encouraged President Washington to stop the revolt. Washington led13,000 troops marched to Western Pennsylvania and put down the revolt. Washington had proved that the government would deal with people not obeying the law.

21. Battle of Fallen Timbers(Troubles with Native Americans) • As more settlers moved into Native American lands conflicts increased and the settlers asked for government assistance. • In 1791, Little Turtle, Chief of the Miami’s, convinced his tribe and several others to fight against the settlers. • Well armed from the French and Indian War, Little Turtle and his warriors drove out most of the settlers and defeated General Arthur St. Clair. • Eventually, Little Turtle came to believe battle was not the answer and refused to continue fighting. He was replaced by Chief Blue Jacket.

22. Battle of Fallen Timbers - Continued Washington sent in General “Mad” Anthony Wayne to take on Chief Blue Jacket. They met at a place called Fallen Timbers. The Native Americans hoped the fallen trees would make it more difficult for Wayne’s soldiers. But Wayne and his men defeated the Native Americans. The result was the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. The Native Americans gave up 25,000 square miles of land. The Native Americans received $20,000 and a promise of peace

23. The Possibility of War • Jay’s Treaty—1793---Great Britain • Forts for debts • Picnkney’s Treaty—1795---Spain • Open up the Mississippi River • French Revolution---1789 to 1800---US • US asked to help France in war with England • Neutrality Act---Washington warns US tostay neutral and not side with the French. 4. Washington’s Farewell Speech: 1796 • Two ways the US can stay unified • Avoid • political parties • Military alliances with Europe • Neutrality----Isolation Achievements: • Sound economic foundation • westward expansion • Kept us out of war

24. Washington’s Farewell Physical fatigue mixed with the verbal abuse from the Democrat-Republicans caused Washington to be determined to retire after his second term. Farwell address was a written message published in newspapers. Help for writing this came from Hamilton. It said the US should avoid permanent and entangling alliances that did not benefit the US

25. 1796 Election Washington didn’t run for third term (set Precedent)‏ VP John Adams ran against Thomas Jefferson Adams won, Jefferson became VP Washington warned against political parties and to stay neutral in other countries’ wars

26. On this week’s episode of Desperate Founding Fathers… • Constitution Says… • Two candidates with the most votes become President and Vice President! So….. • President Adams and Vice President Jefferson are from different political parties • This is changed by Amendment XII (1804) • Predictions?

27. President John Adams 2 Grumpy

29. Adams Administration XYZ Affair – “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute” Quasi-War – war of words Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) – Anyone speaking out against the Gov’t would be jailed Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – called the Alien Acts unconstitutional

31. Responses to Alien and Sedition Acts • Republicans say that they violate First Amendment • Judicial Review not yet established, so no Supreme Court case • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Written, respectively, by Jefferson and Madison • Argument: Since states had entered into the compact (Constitution), they can nullify a federal law that breaks the agreement. Thry to get other state legislatures enact “nullification” laws. They didn’t.

32. The Crisis Fades • Federalists, due to the unpopularity of these laws, lose their majority in the election of 1800 • Republicans allow the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire or repeal parts of them • Under John Marshall, Supreme Court will establish role as the last resort in determining if a law is constitutional • News of a new peace with France doesn’t make it to the U.S. until after the election

33. Keeps U.S. out of war, preserves neutrality Strengthens the Navy Peaceful transfer of power in 1800 Relationship with France damaged New taxes imposed Party politics become entrenched Judging Grumpy… Dislike for the Federalist Congress and the Alien and Sedition Acts cost Adams his reelection and gave control of Congress to the Republicans. But in weighing his presidency, we have to consider the negative along with the positive:

34. The Election of 1800 • Democratic-Republican Candidates: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

35. The Election of 1800 • Federalist Candidates: John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney

36. The Election of 1800 • Adams would have won re-election, perhaps easily, had Alexander Hamilton not split the Federalist Party

37. The Election of 1800 • Instead, the Democratic-Republicans won the election • Both winning candidates, Jefferson and Burr, received 73 electoral votes • Election was settled the House of Representatives after 35 votes • Hamilton swings the election to Jefferson and angers Burr

38. The Election of 1800 • The messed up election pointed out the need for a Constitutional amendment regarding the Presidential election process. • The 12th Amendment modified the Constitution so that the President and the Vice-President are elected using separate ballots.

39. The Election of 1800 • John Adams, the 1st President to live in Washington, D.C., leaves before Jefferson’s inauguration • Jefferson’s Inauguration takes place on March 4, 1801 in Washington, D.C.—the 1st done there • The unfinished White House and Capitol were just about the only buildings in town

40. The Election of 1800 • Federalists fear what Jefferson will say—will he start a new revolution? • Jefferson, surprisingly, calls for unity—he states “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” • Jefferson DOES NOT propose to change or destroy the structure of the federal government.

41. President Thomas Jefferson 3

42. Political Beliefs • The government which governs least, governs best • Strongly favored States Rights as opposed to a strong national government • Believed in a strict construction, or strict interpretation, of the U.S.Constitution • Wanted to end all taxes of any kind paid by U.S. citizens

43. Accomplishments Prior to becoming President • Wrote the first draft of the Declaration of Independence • Wrote the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom • Created the University of Virginia • Served as an ambassador to Europe from the United States

44. Jeffersonian Republicans Political Party – a group of people with the same views who wish to gain political office Jefferson recruited a great many people against Hamilton, called themselves republicans Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied, but Congress influenced by Hamilton threw their votes behind Jefferson, Burr became VP The Revolution of 1800. This is the first political party

45. T. Jefferson’s Administration Downsized much of the Nat’l Gov’t quickly, including the Navy (but had to bring it back for the Barbary Pirates) Built West Point Military College Marbury v. Madison – Judicial Review Land Act of 1800 - Sold much land in the west to citizens Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon Lewis and Clark (Sacajawea)‏ Zebulon Pike – explored the mountain ranges of the west. (Pikes Peak) Hamilton and Burr Jefferson re-elected in 1804 – lost popularity due to embargo

47. Zebulon Pike • Zebulon Pike also explores the western territory. • Pike reaches the Colorado area and finds the mountain which now bears his name: Pike’s Peak. • Pike then moves south into the Spanish territories which eventually become Texas and Mexico.

48. Issues with the Courts • With Marbury vs. Madison, the Supreme Court established the concept of “Judicial Review” of laws • Judicial Review means that the Court may decide if a law is constitutional or not. • If a law is judged to be unconstitutional, or goes against the U.S. Constitution, then the law ceases to be a law.

49. Jefferson’s Reelection • By 1804, Jefferson was unquestioned success as a President. He was easily reelected. • Burr decided to run for governor of New York. Hamilton criticized Burr; Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel; Burr shoots and kills Hamilton. Burr’s term as Vice President was not quite over at the time of the duel.

50. The Aaron Burr Conspiracies – Essex Junto Pact • The Federalists now sank lower than ever, and tried to scheme with Aaron Burr to make New England and New York secede from the union; in the process Aaron Burr killed Hamilton in a duel. b. In 1806, Burr was arrested for treason, but the necessary two witnesses were nowhere to be found.