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Early Civilizations

Early Civilizations. Topic 1.2. Ways to Study History. Topic 1.2. 4 Careers in History. Archaeology Anthropology Geography Historian. Archaeology. Digs up and analyzes Artifacts and Ruins Spends most of their time kneeling or sitting while excavating (digging)

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Early Civilizations

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  1. Early Civilizations Topic 1.2

  2. Ways to Study History Topic 1.2

  3. 4 Careers in History • Archaeology • Anthropology • Geography • Historian

  4. Archaeology • Digs up and analyzes Artifacts and Ruins • Spends most of their time kneeling or sitting while excavating (digging) • Most analysis is conducted in a lab • Great care is taken to preserve the dig site

  5. Anthropology • Concerned with the history of people and cultures • Analyzes human remains and DNA • Resembles CSI or Forensic Medical Examiner • Solves historical mysteries

  6. Geography • Maps historical events, land features, & environment • Global Positioning System (GPS) • Global Interactive Software (GIS) • Maps, Globes, etc.

  7. Historian • Analyzes Primary Sources • Seeks the truth of History using Proof and Evidence • Writes books (Secondary Source) about their findings • Considers information from Anthropologists, Archaeologists, and Geographers, as well as other Historians

  8. SOURCES

  9. The Dawn of History Topic 1.3

  10. Early Man • Hunter-Gathering Societies • Mostly stayed in forested areas • Gathered roots, berries, and fruits • Followed “Big Game” like bison or mammoth onto the flat plains • Primitive Family Based Societies • - Cave art • Use of Fire • Tools of bone and stone

  11. Early Man

  12. Neolithic Revolution Topic 1.4

  13. Neolithic Revolution • Hunter-gathers settle into areas and begin farming • Shift from food-gathering to food-producing • establishment of permanent settlements • eventually the first cities • Irrigation systems developed as crop production and land use increase

  14. Neolithic Revolution Positive effects settlement leads to development of culture: art - pottery Technology - improved tools irrigation religion - “animism” (spiritual elements) specialized labor - specific jobs(artisans emerge)

  15. Neolithic Revolution • Negative effects • close proximity of people leads to spread of disease; • villages and cities susceptible to attacks; settlements could be destroyed by natural disasters

  16. Neolithic Revolution -Settlements need rules and law to maintain order -Rules and laws needed to regulate irrigation -Threats of external invaders made it necessary to have leaders who could provide security -Finances were maintained by imposing taxes or tributes on residents -governing had to be done to work together on projects Such as attempts to control nature

  17. Civilization Topic 1.5

  18. Characteristics of Civilization Key features of civilization - Advanced cities - Specialized workers - Complex institutions (government, religion, economics) - Record keeping (written language) - Advanced technology – pottery, metalwork (Beginning of Bronze Age in Sumer in 3000 BC) Why are each of these so essential to a civilization? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doQG-uAzun8

  19. Mesopotamia Topic 1.6

  20. Civilization emerged from the “Fertile Crescent” Crescent shape area from Mediterranean Sea to the Persian (Arabian) Gulf: Present Day Israel to Iraq Mesopotamia is a Greek work meaning : Between the Rivers

  21. Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent (3500 BC-1600 BC) -Settlement on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around 4500 BC -Sumerian city–states established around 3000 BC and initially controlled by temple priests -Sumerians arrived in 3500 BC and begin irrigation

  22. Polytheistic religion – (Poly = Many) Gods Ziggurat (temple) center of each city-state Ziggurat had tall towers towards the heavens

  23. Scientific achievements and advances: Mesopotamia Plow Pottery Bronze Wheel Arch Sail Cuneiform writing Number system “based on 60 and 360 degree circles”

  24. Cuneiform Writing

  25. Video: Mesopotamia http://www.natgeoeducationvideo.com/film/1011/mesopotamia http://www.natgeoeducationvideo.com/film/611/mesopotamia

  26. Babylonian Empire Peaked under King Hammurabi (1792 BC-1750 BC) Established a written, uniform code of laws (Hammurabi’s Code) Babylonian Empire ended around 1500 BC Other civilizations in this area adopted ideas first developed by early Sumerians and spread them to parts of Asia and Europe (Assyrians, Phoenicians, and Hebrews)

  27. Hammurabi's Code Political impact – by deriving a single code of laws from the body of custom of his day, Hammurabi made law something objective, and less personal and, therefore, more stable and predictable Legal impact – the notion of a separate judiciary, as part of overall government (this is a hallmark of modern democratic governments, the world over)

  28. What kind of punishments would Hammurabi give for breaking some of our everyday school rules?

  29. Egypt Topic 1.7

  30. Egypt (3000 BC-2000 BC) • Earliest settlement along the Nile River began in 5000 BC • Irrigation along the Nile led to Egypt being known as “The Gift of the Nile.” • Regular Flooding on a yearly cycle.

  31. Egypt (3000 BC-2000 BC) • Earliest settlement along the Nile River began in 5000 BC • -Irrigation along the Nile led to Egypt being known as “The Gift of the Nile.” • -Flooding was on a regular yearly cycle.

  32. Egypt (3000 BC-2000 BC) • Ruled by pharaohs (considered god-kings) • theocracy established as form of government • Polytheistic religion • Religious features – pyramids built as tombs for pharaohs; belief in the afterlife; mummification of the dead to prevent bodies from decaying

  33. Stratified Society: • royal family • upper class • middle class • (merchants and artisans) • lower class • (peasant farmers and unskilled laborers) • slavery later became a source of labor

  34. Writing System: • Hieroglyphics

  35. Scientific Achievements • Written Numbers • Geometry • Stone Columns • Calendar for Flood Cycle • Advanced Medicine • (Surgery and Repairing broken bones) • Cosmetics • Mummification of the dead • Pyramids • Hieroglyphics • Papyrus

  36. Indus River Topic 1.8

  37. Scientific Achievements • Sophisticated Sewers • Plumbing Systems • Canals • Irrigation • Grid-Pattern of City Construction

  38. Indus River Valley Civilizations • (2500 BC-1700 BC) • 1750 BC – Decline in Civilization • (possibly due to river course change) • Loss of technology • (earliest cities showed better engineering than later construction) • Cities are abandoned • 1500 BC – Indo-European People (Aryans) settle the valley • Instill CASTE system

  39. CASTE System

  40. Huang He (Yellow) River Topic 1.9

  41. Early China • Yellow River Valley Civilization • (3950 BC-1000 BC) • 2000 BC – Shang Dynasty • Divided classes and stressed importance of family

  42. Scientific Achievements • Bronze Working • Silk • Coined Money • Iron Works • Great Wall of China • Writing System (based on symbols)

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