Moss & Fern

1. Moss & Fern Sphagnum palustre (clones, no spore stage) Hapu’u Tree Fern

3. SupergroupArcheoplastida Kingdom Rhodophyta (red algae) Viridiplantae Kingdom Chlorophyta (green algae) Kingdom Charophytes Kingdom Plantae (embryophytes)

4. Kingdom Plantae (embryophytes) 1. Non-vascular plants Division Bryophyta (mosses) Division Hepatophyta (liverworts) Division Anthocerophyta (hornworts) 2. Vascular plants A. No seeds : Division Lycophyta (club mosses) Division Monilophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) • Class Psilotopsida- whisk ferns • Class Equisetopsida- horsetails • Class Polypodiopsida - ferns B. Production of seeds : 1) No flowers : Gymnosperms Division Pinophyta (Coniferophyta)- (conifers) Division Cycadophyta (cycads) Division Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) Division Gnetophyta (gnetae) 2) Flowers : Angiosperms Division Anthophyta (flowering plants)

5. Typical Plant Life Cycle

6. Homosporous vs. Heterosporous Plants Homosporous eggs Single type of spore Bisexual gametophyte   Sporophyte sperm Heterosporous eggs Female gametophyte megaspore  Sporophyte Male gametophyte microspore  sperm

7. Bryophytes • phylum Hepatophyta - liverworts • phylum Anthocerophyta - hornworts • phylum Bryophyta - mosses hornwort liverwort mosses

8. Phylum Bryophyta • Gametophyte dominant • Lack vascular tissues • Homosporous • Possess waterproof cuticle • Dispersal by windblown spores • Swimming sperm

9. Moss Lifecycle

10. Moss Lifecycle

11. Moss Lifecycle

12. Alternation of Generations: Mosses Fuzzy, green, vegetative covering frequently found on rocks in cool, moist habitats = haploid, GAMETOPHYTE stage of moss life cycle

13. Alternation of Generations: Mosses leafy, haploid gametophyte with emerging diploid sporophyte

14. Moss Archegonia

15. Moss Antheridia

16. Sporophytes

17. Moss Sporangium

18. Moss spores

19. Moss Protonema

20. Division Lycophyta (club mosses) Division Monilophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) Class Psilotopsida- whisk ferns Class Equisetopsida- horsetails Class Polypodiopsida - ferns

21. Class Polypodiopsida (Pterophyta) Division Lycophyta club mosses fern ClassEquisetopsida Class Psilotophyta Whisk fern horsetails

22. Division Pterophyta: Ferns • Sporophyte dominant • Possess vascular tissues and roots • Leaves are megaphylls • Homosporous • Possess waterproof cuticle • Dispersal by windblown spores • Swimming sperm

23. Fern Life Cycle

24. Alternation of Generations: Ferns Ferns Sporophyte = dominant (most conspicuous) individual Gametophyte = small, fragile structure most people (even botanists!) never notice

25. Fern Sporophyte

26. Alternation of Generations: Ferns Frond = diploid sporophyte Sorus = collection of sporangia where meiosis occurs

27. Sori on a Fern Sporophyll

28. Sorus Close Up

29. Fern Sporangium

30. Fern Gametophytes

31. Juvenile Fern Sporophylls

32. Alternation of Generations: Ferns young diploid sporophyte beginning to grow from the haploid gametophyte

33. Alternation of Generations: Ferns young sporophyte produces coiled “fiddleheads” that unfurl into mature fronds

34. rhizome roots

35. Salvinia molesta-aquatic fern Lake Wilson