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Chapter 38: The Near East and Africa

Chapter 38: The Near East and Africa. An Islamic Call to Worship. Islam : the name that Muslims give to their religion Based on the teachings of Mohammed (c. 570-632) Koran : The Islamic holy book Adhan : Call to worship; Chanted by a cantor from the minaret

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Chapter 38: The Near East and Africa

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  1. Chapter 38:The Near East and Africa

  2. An Islamic Call to Worship • Islam: the name that Muslims give to their religion • Based on the teachings of Mohammed (c. 570-632) • Koran: The Islamic holy book • Adhan: Call to worship; Chanted by a cantor from the minaret • Text is always the same but the melody can vary according to singer • Muezzin: Cantor, or principal singer, of the mosque

  3. Characteristics of Non-Western Music • The importance of melody and rhythm, and the absence of harmony • Improvisation • Oral teaching and learning • Composer and performer as one • Music as community ritual • Concerts and audience response

  4. Islamic Music • Similarities with Western Gregorian chant • Monophonic in texture • Avoids regular rhythms and meters • Floating, undulating quality • Arabesque: “Arab-like” • Melody can twist and turn to form elaborate patterns • Distinctive features of non-Western music • Musical interest derived from sliding between pitches • Adhan sung without notation • Rhythm treated more freely

  5. Jewish Klezmer Music • Traditional folk music of the Jews of Eastern Europe and modern Israel • Dates back at least to 17th-century Poland, Romania, Lithuania, and the Ukraine • Variety of instruments including clarinet, trumpet, accordion, double bass, along with a singer • Mostly associated with social events, especially weddings • Klezmer revival in the late 20th-century

  6. Klezmer Music • Fun Taschlich • Tune associated with the High Holy Days • Joyful tune made up of three separate melodies, each in duple meter and repeated to extend the dance • Each phrase has its own modal scale pattern

  7. African Music • Music as Social Activity • Music permeates every aspect of African life • Audience and performers are one and the same; everyone participates • No class of professional musicians • The Importance of Rhythm • Rhythm is distinguishing quality of African music • Independent parts; use of polyrhythms and polymeters • Absence of a shared downbeat

  8. The Importance of Drums • Drums immediately associated with African culture; are the heart of almost all group music-making and all dances • Great variety of shapes and sizes: hand drums, stick drums, water drums, slit drums, talking drums • Talking Drums: Pitch changed by tightening the skin around the drumhead to make it “speak” • Bending the Pitch • Subtle nuance of pitch • Call and Response • A lead singer announces an opening phrases and the chorus utters a short, simple reply • Can also be done instrumentally

  9. A Praise-Song from Ghana • Region called Dagomba • Primary drums: • Dondon (or Lunga): Talking drum shaped like an hourglass • Gongon: Large, barrel-like drum that produces a deep tone • Kasuan Kura • Tells the story of an important member of the tribe

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